Friday, December 27, 2019

Electricity Generated By Hydropower Electricity - 2078 Words

Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, the electricity is created by using the gravitational force from falling or flowing water. Throughout the entire world it makes up 16% of the renewable energy used making it the most widely used source of renewable energy. In 2010 there was 3427 terawatt hours and with a power plant larger than 10 megawatts it costs 3 to 5 US cents per kilo watt which also makes hydroelectricity one of the cheapest forms of energy. Hydroelectricity is expected to increase 3.1% each year for the next 25 years which eventually means we will be producing enough electricity to power over 1000 United States. Looking at the stats hydropower ranks first among all other renewable energies and if we keep up and continuing to put in power plants hydropower can continue to stay on top of all the other renewable energies. The way hydropower works and operates so efficiently is because it uses falling water or flowing water which is already happening natura lly in the world. The plants work by allowing water into a small area and then it flows down and pushes a turbine which then charges a generator to create electricity and then flows out the other side continuing on with the path of the river. The turbine spins and creates electricity to be used. Which leads to the biggest hydro powered plants being in dams or on large rivers to take advantage of the large body of water. There are many different types of way the energy is created there is theShow MoreRelatedSustainability And Construction Practices : Department Of Civil Engineering1256 Words   |  6 Pages 6 iv. Geothermal energy 7 v. hydropower 8 Conclusion 8 References 9â€Æ' RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY IN SUSTAINABILITY INTRODUCTION: It is the energy comes from natural resources like sun light, wind, rain water and geothermal heat. As we all know that coal, oil, gas are limited in nature they might run out some day renewable energy is the best way to restore their position. The way we see solar and wind energy provides electricity without giving rise to carbon dioxideRead MoreRenewable Energy Is The Best Alternative For Fossil Fuel Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesOut line: Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. Before this fossil fuel most percentage of usage to generating electricity and they are the main reason for the greenhouse gases and they are exhaustible as well. Renewable energy is the best alternative for fossil fuel because of the minimum pollution impact, endless characteristic, there are too many type of renewable energy technologies which will be used in different places with different climate, it is depends onRead MoreHydropower Power : Hydroelectric Power744 Words   |  3 PagesHydropower Did you know that approximately fifteen percent of the world’s electricity comes from hydroelectric power or that seven percent of the United States’ electricity comes from hydroelectric power? Hydroelectric power is one of the more well-known renewable sources of energy. Around the world, there are roughly 160 countries that have hydropower. Hydroelectric power comes from water; generating electricity from water is a process similar to coal power plants, though much cleaner. ThereRead MoreUsing Hydropower Help Stop Global Warming1056 Words   |  5 Pages Scientific Paper: Using hydropower to help stop Global Warming Thomas McBrien Prof. Hussain FCSC-101:W06 Global Warming is the gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. These pollutants are produced by factories, cars, and even people and animals. Global Warming is a major concern because it affects all life forms and is changing the earth entirelyRead MoreThe Implementation Of Green Energy Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesSachs, Johnson Johnson, NIKE, Inc., Procter Gamble, Salesforce, Starbucks, Steelcase, Voya Financial, and Walmart have joined RE100, pledging to source 100% of their electricity from renewable energy to reduce CO2 emissions and seize the business benefits (Fortune 500 Listed Companies Pledge to Use 100% Renewable Electricity.). These companies recognize that the transition to a low-carbon economy is the only way to secure sustainable economic growth and prosperity for all. Green energy has beenRead MoreHydro Power Energy : Hydr opower1741 Words   |  7 PagesHydro power energy Hydropower is the renewable energy contained in flowing water. Electricity generated using hydropower is known as hydroelectricity and is generally considered to be reliable. There are three main methods for generating hydroelectricity: Storage – where a dam collects water in a reservoir, then releases it to drive turbines, producing electricity Pumped storage – where water is pumped to a higher reservoir, usually during times of low-priced electricity, then released to a lowerRead MoreHydroelectric Power Of The Canadian Columbia1173 Words   |  5 Pageselectrical power generated from fossil fuels is contributing to the rise in those emissions. Hydropower as a source of electricity is a feasible low carbon alternative, as dams and reservoirs have low greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions compared to fossil fuel energy generation. Canada has harnessed this potential power source as it is the world’s third largest producer of hydropower, contributing 12% globally, behind China and Brazil (Lee, Cheng, Scheelar, 2011). Hydropower as a source ofRead MoreThe Energy, Clean Renewable Energy902 Words   |  4 Pagesis the immediate switch to a much more sustainable, eco-friendly, and cheaper means of energy production. I propose a global switch to renewable energy – more specifically Hydropower. What is renewable energy? Renewable energy is the energy which is generated from natural sources i.e. sun, wind, rain, tides and can be generated again and again as and when required. They are available in plenty and by far most the cleanest sources of energy available on this planet. One main characteristic of renewableRead MoreHydropower is taking the energy out of water flowing from a higher elevation to a lower one and700 Words   |  3 PagesHydropower is taking the energy out of water flowing from a higher elevation to a lower one and converting it into electricity. Hydropower has been used as source for electricity for many years and is the leading renewable energy resource in America today. Hydropower is the most dependable and effective of all renewable power sources. â€Å"And today, about seven percent of all electricity is generated from hydropower† (DOE.org) The Tennessee Valley Authority is the nation’s largest federal, public powerRead MoreRenewable Ener gy : Hydropower And Solar Power Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesforms of renewable energy in Australia are hydropower and solar power. Hydropower Hydropower or hydroelectricity is one of the more mature forms of renewable energy technology and can be found in some form in over 160 counties (Hydro Energy, 2016). Power is generated when the kinetic energy of flowing water from sources such dams, rivers or waterfalls is directed through water turbines which in turn create electrical energy. There are over 120 hydropower stations though out Australia generating

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Chapter 5 Outline - 5565 Words

CHAPTER 10: RACE AND ETHNICITY Key†¨ 1. A social category of people who share a common culture, language, national background or religion is referred to as a(n) _____. †¨A. minority group†¨B. dominant group†¨C. racial group†¨D. ethnic group 2. In order for a group to be considered an ethnic group they must †¨A. look different than the members of other ethnic groups.†¨B. speak the same language as other members of the group.†¨C. share an identity they see as different from that of others on society.†¨D. All of these choices are true. 3. Which of these statements regarding the variability of a group’s ethnic identity is true? †¨A. A group’s ethnic identity is constant; it does not change over time.†¨B. Ethnic identity may form or is strengthened†¦show more content†¦A. The categories used to divide groups into races are not fixed and vary from society to society.†¨B. The biological characteristics that have been used to define different racial g roups vary both within and between groups.†¨C. The different criteria used to define racial groups in any society are arbitrary.†¨D. All of these choices are true. 13. The historical process in any society by which a group comes to be defined as a race is called _____. †¨A. racial formation†¨B. immigration contact theory†¨C. the principle of physical salience†¨D. engendered racism 14. What is the sociological concept of racial formation? †¨A. The process by which a group comes to be identified as a race.†¨B. The process in which the major institutions of society such as law and education create and sustain beliefs about racial categories.†¨C. The interconnection of historical discrimination and the creation of racial categories.†¨D. All of these choices are true. 15. Which of these is an illustration of the concept of out-group homogeneity? †¨A. Members of some minority groups are perceived as being very similar to the dominant group in society.†¨B. Members of a set of minority groups, such as Laotians, Chinese, Japanese, and Indonesians, are perceived as being similar enough to share a general category (Asian).†¨C. Members of all groups considered minority groups in a society are perceived as having theShow MoreRelatedChapter 4 Of The Longman Writer963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Longman Writer Chapters 4, 5, and 6 In brief, chapter 4 of The Longman Writer by Judith Nadell and John Lang taught the reader how to support the thesis using evidence. As an addition to chapter 3 â€Å"Identifying a Thesis†, chapter 4 emphasizes the importance of supporting the central idea by using enough evidence to convince the reader. Forms of evidence include â€Å"examples, facts, details, statistics, personal observation† (41) or anything that furthers the reader’s understanding. The evidence usedRead MoreWarning Label Explanation Speech On The Mirror1386 Words   |  6 PagesExplanation Speech Man in the Mirror With this speech I was able to conquer many factors such as letting my words coming out in a voice tone the way I intended it to be. I was able to deliver my main points just like I practiced. I was able to create an outline according to what I expected to deliver to my audience. However, once again I allowed my nervousness to get a little bit of my power and confidence. Because of my anxiety I did not create a true connection with my listeners (classmates). I recognizeRead MoreDrugs and behavior today chapter 1 quiz Essay990 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: DRUGS AND BEHAVIOR TODAY................................................................................ 1 Discussion questions and assignments 1 Lecture outline for Chapter 1 3 Video suggestions 7 Essay questions 8 True/false questions 9 Multiple choice questions 13 CHAPTER 2: DRUG-TAKING BEHAVIOR: THE PERSONAL AND SOCIAL CONCERNS.............. 27 Discussion questions and assignmentsRead MoreStudy Guide1489 Words   |  6 Pages2 Learning Materials and References ...........................................................................................................................4 Course Outline ...........................................................................................................................................................5 Evaluation and Grading .............................................................................................................................................9 StudyRead MoreIntroduction And Literature Review :1008 Words   |  5 PagesCHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW From a producer s point of view it is helpful to plan and incite a set scope of transformer sizes. 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Explain the key aspects of operationsRead MoreOnline Social Networks1030 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................2 1.2 Problem Outline............................................................................................................3 1.3 Objectives.....................................................................................................................3 1.4 Research Methodology..........................................................Read MoreSpeech Communication Learning Objectives1578 Words   |  7 PagesChapters 8-14 learning objectives Chapter 8: 1. Clear organization is vital to speechmaking. Listeners demand coherence. They get only one chance to grasp a speakers ideas, and they have little patience for speakers who ramble aimlessly from one idea to another. A well-organized speech will enhance the credibility and make it easier for the audience to understand the message. 2. The tips discussed for preparing main points are: • Keep main points separate. • Try to use the same wordingRead MoreAn Application For Ethical Approval1129 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation has been published by Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (2003a:1-165, 2003b:1-97), Fort MacKay First Nation (1994:1-125), Athabasca DenesÃ… ³Ã…‚inà © First Nations of northern Saskatchewan (Usher 1990:1-10; 1991:1-5, 1993:111-118), and by DenesÃ… ³Ã…‚inà © First Nations in Manitoba (Hrenchuck 1991:5-85). Traditional subarctic economies integrate well-developed ecological knowledge (Berkes 1998:103-108, Kendrick et al. 2005:177-189). Ecological knowledge from the north involves the profound understanding ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Tom Wacaster s Book Galatians 979 Words   |  4 Pagesof the grace of God† (5). This statement, in addition to the other introductory material, build a solid foundation for the reader to build on. Next, Wacaster sets forth a fairly comprehensive outline of the book of Galatians. This outline helps to organize the thoughts and ideas of the book in a concise way. This outline appears throughout the book, as it is used at the beginning of every chapter as well as some sections within the chapters. The repeated use of this outline, while it may seem redundant

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Telemedicine and Telehealth in Malaysia free essay sample

In the early 1990s the term telemedicine became well-known in health care. Then, in the 21st century the term telemedicine change to telehealth because telemedicine is more than delivering medical care and wider services. Telemedicine was started over forty years ago which the hospitals extend care of patients in remote areas. This service rapidly spread and become integrated into the ongoing operations of hospitals, speciality departments, home health agencies, private physician offices, and consumer’s homes and workplaces. Thus, growing variety of applications and services using two way video, email, smart phones, wireless tools and other forms of telecommunication technology. The word Tele- comes from an ancient Greek word of the same spelling that means distant. The late 1960s in the United States where they need to have a system for distance education and teleconsultation facility between the Nebraska Psychiatric Institute and a remote state mental health hospital. The system named as closed-circuit television system. We will write a custom essay sample on Telemedicine and Telehealth in Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Other than that, cardiac surgeon Micheal DeBakery performed open heart surgery in the United States and transmitted the procedure live to a hospital in Geneva, Switzerland. He used Comsats Early Bird satellite. He describes the progressed of the operation and answered live questions from Geneva in 1965. This surgery called as telesurgery. Telehealth can be defines as the integration of information, telecommunication, human-machine interface technologies and health technologies to deliver health care, to promote the health status of the people and to create health. In addition, it is the conjunction with better information and communication technology (ICT) growth in the healthcare delivery. It integrates the used of telecommunications and information systems as well as multimedia technologies to promote health care delivery and create health plan for the individual. Telemedicine is the use of information technologies to exchange health information and provide health care services across geographical, time, social and cultural barriers. Hence, as an umbrella that covers any medical activities involving an element of distance. Telemedicine also make the information and communication technology (ICT) play roles supported the complex interactions between patients, doctor or nurse, consultant and medical equipment. In addition, it can define as the use of exchanged medical information from one site to another via electronic communications to improve a patient’s clinical health status. Telemedicine refers to the actual delivery of remote clinical services using technology. At the early stage, the term telemedicine was used but later on changed to telehealth. It is because telehealth refers to a broader scope of services that includes telemedicine and other services that can be provided remotely using communication technologies. It can conclude that, telehealth including telemedicine and a variety of other services such as evaluation research, public health, consumer education, administration, evaluation research and, health professionals education. Besides that, the World Health Organization (WHO) makes a difference between telehealth and telemedicine. If telehealth is understood to mean the integration of telecommunication systems into the practice of protecting and promoting health, while telemedicine is the incorporation of these systems into curative medicine, then it must be acknowledged that telehealth corresponds more closely to the international activities of World Health Organization (WHO) in the field of public health. It covers education for health, public and community health, health systems development and epidemiology whereas telemedicine is oriented more towards the clinical apart. Thus, telemedicine is literally medicine practiced at a distance and telehealth is the delivery of health care services at a distance. In mid 1996, Malaysian government launched multimedia super corridor which include in Vision 2020 for a long term development in order to achieve developed country status in 2020. To attract world class multimedia systems and software companies and jumpstart the industry, seven electronic flagship applications have been designed. There are electronic government, Ramp;D clusters, worldwide web manufacturing, borderless marketing services, a national multipurpose smart card or called as myKad, smart schools and telemedicine. Then, in 1997 the Telemedicine Blueprint of Malaysia was published as reference document for the development of telehealth in Malaysia. Malaysian Health visions are to develop healthy citizens by a health system that is equitable, efficient, technologically appropriate, environmentally adaptable, and consumer friendly which is emphasis on quality, innovation, health promotion and respect for human dignity. Thus, the healthcare system in Malaysia need for a transformation in order to achieve this vision. So, they able increase life expectancy, increased expectations of consumer, rising healthcare cost and changing the pattern of disease. In addition, they focus on the individual and on wellness, care at home, and in the community, self empowerment through information, and seamless access to quality healthcare. In Malaysia, telemedicine was implemented because to ensure Malaysian citizens are receiving the best medical treatment. The Malaysia’s Telemedicine Blueprint 1997 was initiative by the Malaysian government to employ the use of telehealth in the country healthcare systems. Telemedicine was one of the flagships of Malaysia’s Multimedia Super Corridor project. Based on The Telemedicine Blueprint, telemedicine must be aligned to support future healthcare system of Malaysia. There are several objectives or goals need to be achieved such as wellness focus, person focus, informed person, self-help, care provided at home or close to home, seamless and continuous care, services tailored as much as possible, and effective, efficient and affordable services. Telemedicine promote wellness throughout life through network based services and health management tools, provide accurate and timely information, increase the ability of individuals to manage health through knowledge transfer and interactive, and provide enhanced access, integration and timely of high quality services at reasonable cost. This programme involves development of local health information network, infrastructure to improve health treatment, Teleconsultation (TC), Continuing Medical Education (CME), Mass Customized or Personalized Health Information (MCPHIE) and Lifetime Health Plan (LHP). All these sub-applications were related to each others. Firstly, Mass Customized or Personalized Health Information. This project is to provide health information affordable, reliable and high quality using information technology such as the internet, multimedia technologies and mass communications. The project will encourage individuals to take care of their health state and consequently support the government approach to enhance and promote their nations health. Second pilot project is Continuing Medical Education. It was developed to enhance or upgrade the healthcare knowledge through distant education and learning activities using multimedia technology. The project will avoid healthcare personnel from attends course offered by university and training colleges. So, they would not leave their current position. There were three main services offered such as the electronic courses, virtual library and online professional community services. There are two types of electronic courses which are formal distant learning and modular distant learning. In addition, virtual library were develop to help the healthcare professional perform their daily task such give access to the sources of information via the internet such as medical journals, e-books, medical databases and any sources related information. Lastly, online professional community services. Its function as utilize the internet applications such as email and related to create virtual environment for healthcare professionals to interact electronically. Other project is teleconsultation. It provides a platform for healthcare professionals consults their patients distant or remotely. This project use an offline applications such e-mail, or electronics data exchange and also via real time video and audio-conferencing. This project consists of four major parts which are cardiology, radiology, neurosurgery, and dermatology. Lifetime Health Plan also one of the telehealth flagship pilot projects. It was personalized for the individual and use as continuous medical care, informing the individual and healthcare providers with relevant medical information to maintain state of health of individual at the highest state. The project has three sub-application which are Clinical Support System (CSS), Healthcare Information Management and Support Services (HIMSS), and Personalized Lifetime Health (PLHP). In 2004, the application restructured under the Medical Services Programme and the telehealth project was reviewed and the scope was reorganized into the seven components which are Lifetime Health Records (LHR), Personalized Lifetime Health Plan (PLHP), Health Online, Continuing Professional Development (CPD), Teleconsultation (TC), Call Centre and Group Data Services (GDS). Later on, in 2007 the integration with Integrated Health Enterprise reorganized the telehealth structure in five components namely Lifetime Health Records (LHR) and Services, Lifetime Health Plan (LHP), Health Online, Teleconsultation (TC), and Continuing Professionals Development (CPD). Continuing Professionals Development (CPD) is a replacement for Continuing Professionals Development (CPD). It is to enhance the capability and knowledge of healthcare professional. The services provided are virtual library, modular instant learning (MDL), calendar of CPD events, online activity monitoring, online directory, complement assessment and monitoring and evaluation of CPD. Ministry of Health Malaysia had been produced the National Telehealth Policy to ensure the successful implementation of telehealth. This policy consist macro policies which are the issues of access, standards, confidentiality and privacy, accuracy and reliability, legislation, human resources development, ethical considerations, finance, research, monitoring and evaluation and structure and organisation. The objectives of this policy are ensure the health care providers and consumers realise the universal usage of telehealth and accept health as an integral part of the health delivery system, to ensure that telehealth services is affordable by consumers, to enhance the sustainability of telehealth as a part of health care delivery system, to ensure the integration within and between organisations, institutions, and other relevant health agencies. This policy also enhances improvement of quality in all aspects of telehealth services and to facilitate the improvements in equity and accessibility of health services in the manner of seamless care from primary to tertiary level. Next, to implement this program successfully there are many challenges and obstacles to be encountered such as socioeconomic and cultural barriers. In Malaysia, there are four different types of hospitals which are the state general hospital, district hospital, national referral centre and special institution, and non-Ministry of Health hospitals. Some of places is hard to retrieve because the geographical problem. So, citizens could not use the facilities provided by the hospital. Besides that, the shortage of funding. Money is very important because to implement the project we need to buy hardware and software, hired skill staff and other equipments. Other challenge is technologies literacy. Some of the area in Malaysia still not expose with the technology especially in rural area. This will contribute to failure the projects and mission of the government. They do not know how to use communication and it lead to difficulty for them interact with the healthcare professionals. Other than that, difficulties of healthcare professionals communicate each other. It means the healthcare professionals difficult to communicate with other practitioners in the urban area or hospitals. There are four aspects to be studied in using telehealth and telemedicine which are operational, technical, finance and time. According to the respondents, operation aspect is the most important because the system able to enhance the image of these hospitals and organization must provide enough training and supports to medical officers in operation of telemedicine. Few factors that contribute to the successful of telehealth are leadership and management. Top management plays important roles to ensure the implementation of telemedicine in hospitals. Besides that, the security and privacy also contributes to the success of telehealth. Other than that, sufficient basic infrastructures need to be considered in term of to enhance their knowledge and the able to utilize the programme. The benefit of telehealth for patients is improved access to services. Patients able to meet with their healthcare personnel without face to face. They may use video-conferencing and this give wider access for both sides. This is also more timely diagnosis and treatment to patients because they can see their healthcare personnel anytime and anywhere. This service helps patients especially elderly or isolated that difficult to leave home to access health and support services. Besides that, better in-home care. Some of patient comfortable stay at home because more privacy, improve quality of life, reducing social isolation, improve self-management, and telemonitoring can be valuable for elder with chronic conditions. The benefit of telehealth for health professionals is facilitating team-based and multidisciplinary care. It means the healthcare personnel from different speciality like allied heath and specialist can interact and discuss as a team the treatment plan for a patient even they separated by geography. Besides, to enhanced access to professional development and support. They can improve their knowledge not in clinical field only but non-clinical field. Example of continue medical education such as videoconferencing and online collaborative applications such as virtual classrooms can be used by busy practitioners. Apart from Malaysia, there are other countries that have implemented telehealth such Vietnam, United States, Singapore, and Australia. At a general hospital in Orange, New South Wales, Australia, beds have been linked to a clinical information portfolio computer system to give staff immediate access to patients conditions from a central location. Besides, Singapore hospitals have invested in ICU IT solutions to enable critical care medical staff to actively monitor patients in ICUs from remote locations. The Hanh Phuc International Women and Children hospital in Vietnam has a central maternal-fetal monitoring station as well as wireless foetal monitoring solutions which provide clinicians with vital information to track patients throughout the labour and delivery period. Surgeons at the Methodist Hospital in Houston, the United States, use a robotic system controlled from a remote location to unblock the arteries of patients with blocked peripheral arteries. Using video and integrated medical devices, medical experts are now providing services to communities in the most remote areas (New Straits Times, 2012). Other than that, to know the internal and external conditions and situations the study has been done. They use SWOT analysis to know the result. Strength of this program are national level strategy for the development of telemedicine, national level organization established to develop and promote telehealth, long existence and tradition of telehealth and established telecommunication networks. The weaknesses of this program are national strategy for telehealth in needs to be updated because of rapid development of the information technology, telecommunication networks in needs to be upgraded to meet the needs for further development of telehealth, lack of business modelling and operating mechanism for telehealth, and uneven accessibility. Then, the opportunities. There are slower but upcoming population leaves the country few more years to develop its telehealth networks and technical booming of ICT is providing telehealth much better platform than ever before. Lastly, threats for telehealth programs which are changing disease patterns and lack of trained professionals. In conclusion, this term closely allied with the term health information system but a health information system refers to electronic medical records and related information systems. Some of the hospitals have implemented paperless and firmless hospital. During the time telehealth application launched, the Ministry of Health launched their Total Hospital Information System projects which are Hospital Selayang and Hospital Putrajaya. They also need to motivate the clinician to participate in telemedicine programme. They also must eager to use the art information technology while performing their tasks. This programmes shows that the government is in the right track although having some delayed in the execution.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Research Methodology an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

Research Methodology The reality that high standards in research exist at the present time, added with the fact that our knowledge in the fields of quantitative-based methodology has extended in the years, there is more need for students to take more research methods and statistics courses. It appears that professor curriculum and the like have less and less space for research design, statistics, and measurements. At some institutions, students are obligated to take only one statistics class. At such institutions, choice of subjects of study is enormously critical. Vital components of research conducting are consciousness of the most contemporary statistical theory and applications and a readiness to change. As noted by Johnson, "it is vital that professors of educational research and statistics obtain the newest developments in methodology and statistics so that they can transfer this information to their students" (Johnson 34-35). Need essay sample on "Research Methodology" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Unhappily, the teaching of unsuitable or outdated statistical techniques can lead the students to under-develop their educational and science works. It is especially a problem for those who conduct serious theses, dissertations, and other types of research studies. As it is known, statistical teaching has changed little during the last decades. Moreover, confirmation exists that the greater part of published studies, which are seriously flawed, contain procedural, analytical, and interpretational errors (Onwuegbuzie 110-116). As noted by Onwuegbuzie, some of these flaws take sauce from graduate-level instructions in which statistical methods are taught as a chain of schedule steps, rather than as a interactive and reflective process. In such works, graduate-level curricula reduce students' experience with statistical theory and applications. Such works can also contain applications of diverse inaccurate and deceptive mythologies about the nature of research. Other point of unsuccessf ul research delivery are growing numbers of statistics instructors teaching out of their areas of knowledge and a failure, unwillingness, or even refusal to distinguish that statistical techniques that were popular in past years. Such techniques may be considered to contain no importance (Cangelosi 26-27). Examples of unsuitable statistical practices that are being circulated in many statistics courses include: (1) not providing proof that statistical assumptions were checked prior to conducting quantitative analyses. (2) Sometimes, sample size considerations are not discussed. (3) We can also find inappropriate treatment of multivariate data in many research reports. (4) We may encounter failure to report consistency indices for either prior or present samples. (5) It can also be no control for Type I error rate and failure to report effect sizes (Onwuegbuzie 121-127). While conducting a research, student make keep in mind that the function of research is the decision that a statistics executor must make. The resemblance of statistics approach instructors uses to teach statistics is a function of the philosophical orientation, and also the experience in using diverse methodologies (Carver 42). Philosophical and Theoretical Background Shadish argues that research and evaluation of data is not merely applied by social science. Shadish appeals to the peculiar problems manifested in evaluation and research. However, various problems arise not merely in evaluation of data but whenever one tries to apply social science. The problems, then, arise not from the perverse peculiarities of research but from the manifest failure of much of mainstream social science and the identifiable reasons for that failure (Shadish 20-26). When the practice of evaluation and research was initiated in the 1960s, the shift toward a postindustrial information-based economy, and corresponding ways of thinking, had just begun. The succession of dominant ideas within the field may reflect not just a progressive maturation of thinking through experience, but an evolved adaptation to a changing social environment (Shadish 27-28). It has been claimed that the so-called rational model of social decision-making is now dead and, with it, the role of the program evaluator as an intelligence agent (or, at least, information provider) for the defunct rational policymakers. But what precisely does that mean? Does it mean that decisions are now somehow to be made irrationally? If so, precisely what kind of information is now required for the making of irrational decisions? In some sense, it can be said that calling a research unsuccessful is a subjective notion. In estimating social or student unsuccessful research, we do not think that anyone really believes that modern humans have somehow lost their rational faculties in planning complex social strategy or design. By implication, research tools and evaluators are not exclusively beholden to any monolithic set of rules, objectives, or policymakers. Their clientele is the entire social network involved in and influenced by the social program, not just some specially empowered individual. The most important in the research is the credibility and accuracy of the results, not a standard or defined methodology (Kaplan 81-85). Neither research evaluation nor, as more broadly construed, evaluation, constitute a field of inquiry. Evaluation is an enterprise aimed at deciding the worth of various activities, and that enterprise comes equipped with a variety of assumptions and methods. As noted by Shadish, we can evaluate anything in our research. But if evaluation as an intellectual or professional activity is defined too broadly, it loses most of its usefulness in focusing attention and effort. A central set of issues exists with respect to evaluation (Shadish 30). Threats during Research Process Analysis of findings concerning the researcher as possible threat during the research process: The following aspects of the researcher as possible threat during the research process will be addressed in this discussion: the educational researcher's mental and other discomfort could pose a threat to the truth value of data obtained and information obtained from data analyses; the researcher not being sufficiently prepared to conduct the field research; not being able to do member checking on findings; conducting inappropriate interviews; not including demographic data in the description of the results; the researcher not being able to analyze interviews in depth; and describing the research methodology and research results in a superficial manner (Hyman 28-29). The researcher's mental and other discomfort could pose a threat to the truth value of data obtained and information obtained from data analyses: In certain circumstances the research topic could be so close at home to the researcher's own frame of reference and experience that all effort to bracket and intuit are fruitless. In the authors' research they have experienced that the researcher could not conduct interviews with families in which a child was terminally ill. As soon as the researcher was confronted with the intense pain of the families that were in the process of saying good bye to their beloved, she could not bear the pain. The reason for this was that her own unresolved pain regarding her brother's suicide. Supervisors must be alert because post-graduate candidates quite often select research topics close to their own unresolved pain and experiences. The researcher not being sufficiently prepared to conduct the field research: This includes amongst others not checking the context and culture of the respondents; being dressed inappropriately; insensitivity towards possible problems with technical apparatus during recording data in the practical research situation such as tape recorders with dysfunctional batteries. In the authors' own experience with the project on the termination of pregnancy, one of the researchers in the project went to conduct an interview with an extremely poor lady in a far off rural community. Although she came from the same tribe, speaking the same language and dialect of Xhosa, she had climbed the socio-economic ladder and drove in with her luxurious motorcar and expensive jewelry and clothes to the place where the interview had to be conducted. Needless to say the interview, in spite of efforts was not successfully conducted (Hays 71-73). The researcher not being able to do member checking on findings: After being interviewed the respondents expressed the wish not to be contacted in any way by the researchers. They have told their story about their experience of being involved in the termination of pregnancy and do not want to be reminded again of the experienced pain. In the research on the termination of a pregnancy, almost all of these adolescents expressed the wish never to see the researchers again. They made it very clear that it was not that they disliked them, but that this experience is a chapter in their lives that they want to close and forget as soon as possible. To counteract this very real problem they decided to conduct more interviews than the usual number that is deemed as saturated data. In this way the authors caught the lived-experienced as repeated themes. Further, the authors also conducted interviews in similar contexts in other provinces in South Africa so that they could describe the lived-exp erience of these adolescents as richly and densely as possible (Hays 74-76). The researcher conducting inappropriate interviews: This aspect includes researcher bias, leading questions, and defocusing of researcher leading to insensitivity and interviews that are too short to express the richness of the investigated phenomenon; and conducting therapy instead of research. In the authors' own research they have experienced that even a trained and well-experienced interviewee could become so involved with the research topic that she could not bracket her own experiences. This happened when she conducted a focus group interview with a group of students on their experiences of a technology laboratory. When the students started to share their experiences on the lego blocks the interviewer started to share her own children's experiences of lego. The result was that the interviews could not be utilized in the research (Hopkins 57-59). The researcher not including demographic data in the description of the results: This lead to confusion in the reader of the research report because she cannot understand the context in which the research was conducted. Without a dense description of the context of a research project other researchers might not be able to transfer findings to their research projects. For example the results from a research project in a rural tribal area in which customary laws and rejection of the evacuated fetus is such that there is no place in the tribal graveyard for the fetus, cannot be transferred to a higher socio-economic status family from a western background in which the teenage girl is allowed to mourn her loss of the terminated life. However, if the context were described very clearly, the transference would be possible within that specific context (Hopkins 60-64). The researcher not being able to analyze interviews in depth: Possible reasons for this have been identified as: the researcher spending insufficient time and not being immersed in the data; the presentation of the storyline is insufficient; and the researcher analyzing the data with preconceived ideas. In an investigation of a researcher "The ethical conflict of registered nurse relating to termination of teenage pregnancy" the question posed by the interviewer was "Tell me about your experiences when you had to attend to a teenager who requested a termination of pregnancy?" One of the aims of this investigation was "To explore and describe the lived-experiences, thoughts, perceptions, feelings, behaviors and viewpoints of a nurse practitioner that is a mother of a teenage daughter, regarding a teenager who terminates pregnancy. This would also shed light on the possible conflict that these nurses would experience as their personal beliefs are challenged by the obligation to perform a service" (Hyman 30). The two main themes that emerged were participants felt that registered nurses had multiple role expectations of themselves during their involvement in termination of pregnancy by teenagers; and participants expressed concern over the need for improved communication between parents and children regarding sexuality and reproductive issues. It is clear that there is not a logical coherence between the various aspects of the research project and the researcher could not have analyzed the data in depth. It is also clear that the researcher's own preconceived ideas contaminated the research project as a whole and more specifically the conducting of the interview and the resulting analysis of the data. The researcher describing the research methodology and research results in a superficial manner: The research methodology is not described in a justified and logical manner so that the other researchers can replicate the research in similar contexts. Regarding the research results, the data have not been reduced enough; the themes have not been described in depth so that the reader understands the meaning; the quotations of the respondents do not support the themes that have been described. This contributes to a lack of richness in description of the phenomenon (Hyman 31-33). Possible measures that can be applied to ensure trustworthiness To address the abovementioned threats to trustworthiness researchers can apply the following criteria and accompanying strategies: truth-value through credibility; applicability through transferability; consistency through dependability; and neutrality through confirmability. Different actions can be taken to apply these strategies. The actions that can be taken to apply credibility include: prolonged and varied field experience; reflexivity (field journal that is the keeping of field notes on paper and tape recordings); triangulation through using multiple researchers, multiple data collections, multiple contexts; and multiple data sources. Member checking has to be done in an unconventional manner by utilizing similar respondents in similar contexts. Peer examination has to be utilized through regular team meetings to monitor progress and justification of the research process. Threats regarding interviewing can be addressed by monitoring audio taped and transcribed interviews by the researchers. The authority of the researchers can be attained through workshops on qualitative research methodology, pilot interviews and continuous discussions on the research findings. Structural coherence can be addressed by utilizing cognitive strategies such as bracketing and intuiting (Hopkins 69-72). The threats to transferability can be addressed by describing the respondents within their specific demographic contexts; and by giving a dense and rich description of the results so that the respondents' voices could be heard. Dependability can be ensured by an audit of the research process with specific reference to the stepwise replication of the interviews; multiple researchers participating in the research (that is triangulation and peer review were utilized). Data reduction can take place by applying code-recode procedures. The researchers and independent coders should have consensus discussions. Confirmation can be ensured by providing a trial of evidence for co-researchers to follow and check whether they would arrive at similar conclusions. This includes the monitoring of the researchers applying triangulation and being reflexive throughout the research process (Hopkins 73-74). Works Cited: Cangelosi, J. S. Designing tests for evaluating student achievement. 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