Electricity Generated By Hydropower Electricity - 2078 Words

Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, the electricity is created by using the gravitational force from falling or flowing water. Throughout the entire world it makes up 16% of the renewable energy used making it the most widely used source of renewable energy. In 2010 there was 3427 terawatt hours and with a power plant larger than 10 megawatts it costs 3 to 5 US cents per kilo watt which also makes hydroelectricity one of the cheapest forms of energy. Hydroelectricity is expected to increase 3.1% each year for the next 25 years which eventually means we will be producing enough electricity to power over 1000 United States. Looking at the stats hydropower ranks first among all other renewable energies and if we keep up and continuing to put in power plants hydropower can continue to stay on top of all the other renewable energies. The way hydropower works and operates so efficiently is because it uses falling water or flowing water which is already happening natura lly in the world. The plants work by allowing water into a small area and then it flows down and pushes a turbine which then charges a generator to create electricity and then flows out the other side continuing on with the path of the river. The turbine spins and creates electricity to be used. Which leads to the biggest hydro powered plants being in dams or on large rivers to take advantage of the large body of water. There are many different types of way the energy is created there is theShow MoreRelatedSustainability And Construction Practices : Department Of Civil Engineering1256 Words   |  6 Pages 6 iv. Geothermal energy 7 v. hydropower 8 Conclusion 8 References 9â€Æ' RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY IN SUSTAINABILITY INTRODUCTION: It is the energy comes from natural resources like sun light, wind, rain water and geothermal heat. As we all know that coal, oil, gas are limited in nature they might run out some day renewable energy is the best way to restore their position. The way we see solar and wind energy provides electricity without giving rise to carbon dioxideRead MoreRenewable Energy Is The Best Alternative For Fossil Fuel Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesOut line: Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. Before this fossil fuel most percentage of usage to generating electricity and they are the main reason for the greenhouse gases and they are exhaustible as well. Renewable energy is the best alternative for fossil fuel because of the minimum pollution impact, endless characteristic, there are too many type of renewable energy technologies which will be used in different places with different climate, it is depends onRead MoreHydropower Power : Hydroelectric Power744 Words   |  3 PagesHydropower Did you know that approximately fifteen percent of the world’s electricity comes from hydroelectric power or that seven percent of the United States’ electricity comes from hydroelectric power? Hydroelectric power is one of the more well-known renewable sources of energy. Around the world, there are roughly 160 countries that have hydropower. Hydroelectric power comes from water; generating electricity from water is a process similar to coal power plants, though much cleaner. ThereRead MoreUsing Hydropower Help Stop Global Warming1056 Words   |  5 Pages Scientific Paper: Using hydropower to help stop Global Warming Thomas McBrien Prof. Hussain FCSC-101:W06 Global Warming is the gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. These pollutants are produced by factories, cars, and even people and animals. Global Warming is a major concern because it affects all life forms and is changing the earth entirelyRead MoreThe Implementation Of Green Energy Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesSachs, Johnson Johnson, NIKE, Inc., Procter Gamble, Salesforce, Starbucks, Steelcase, Voya Financial, and Walmart have joined RE100, pledging to source 100% of their electricity from renewable energy to reduce CO2 emissions and seize the business benefits (Fortune 500 Listed Companies Pledge to Use 100% Renewable Electricity.). These companies recognize that the transition to a low-carbon economy is the only way to secure sustainable economic growth and prosperity for all. Green energy has beenRead MoreHydro Power Energy : Hydr opower1741 Words   |  7 PagesHydro power energy Hydropower is the renewable energy contained in flowing water. Electricity generated using hydropower is known as hydroelectricity and is generally considered to be reliable. There are three main methods for generating hydroelectricity: Storage – where a dam collects water in a reservoir, then releases it to drive turbines, producing electricity Pumped storage – where water is pumped to a higher reservoir, usually during times of low-priced electricity, then released to a lowerRead MoreHydroelectric Power Of The Canadian Columbia1173 Words   |  5 Pageselectrical power generated from fossil fuels is contributing to the rise in those emissions. Hydropower as a source of electricity is a feasible low carbon alternative, as dams and reservoirs have low greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions compared to fossil fuel energy generation. Canada has harnessed this potential power source as it is the world’s third largest producer of hydropower, contributing 12% globally, behind China and Brazil (Lee, Cheng, Scheelar, 2011). Hydropower as a source ofRead MoreThe Energy, Clean Renewable Energy902 Words   |  4 Pagesis the immediate switch to a much more sustainable, eco-friendly, and cheaper means of energy production. I propose a global switch to renewable energy – more specifically Hydropower. What is renewable energy? Renewable energy is the energy which is generated from natural sources i.e. sun, wind, rain, tides and can be generated again and again as and when required. They are available in plenty and by far most the cleanest sources of energy available on this planet. One main characteristic of renewableRead MoreHydropower is taking the energy out of water flowing from a higher elevation to a lower one and700 Words   |  3 PagesHydropower is taking the energy out of water flowing from a higher elevation to a lower one and converting it into electricity. Hydropower has been used as source for electricity for many years and is the leading renewable energy resource in America today. Hydropower is the most dependable and effective of all renewable power sources. â€Å"And today, about seven percent of all electricity is generated from hydropower† (DOE.org) The Tennessee Valley Authority is the nation’s largest federal, public powerRead MoreRenewable Ener gy : Hydropower And Solar Power Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesforms of renewable energy in Australia are hydropower and solar power. Hydropower Hydropower or hydroelectricity is one of the more mature forms of renewable energy technology and can be found in some form in over 160 counties (Hydro Energy, 2016). Power is generated when the kinetic energy of flowing water from sources such dams, rivers or waterfalls is directed through water turbines which in turn create electrical energy. There are over 120 hydropower stations though out Australia generating

Chapter 5 Outline - 5565 Words

CHAPTER 10: RACE AND ETHNICITY Key†¨ 1. A social category of people who share a common culture, language, national background or religion is referred to as a(n) _____. †¨A. minority group†¨B. dominant group†¨C. racial group†¨D. ethnic group 2. In order for a group to be considered an ethnic group they must †¨A. look different than the members of other ethnic groups.†¨B. speak the same language as other members of the group.†¨C. share an identity they see as different from that of others on society.†¨D. All of these choices are true. 3. Which of these statements regarding the variability of a group’s ethnic identity is true? †¨A. A group’s ethnic identity is constant; it does not change over time.†¨B. Ethnic identity may form or is strengthened†¦show more content†¦A. The categories used to divide groups into races are not fixed and vary from society to society.†¨B. The biological characteristics that have been used to define different racial g roups vary both within and between groups.†¨C. The different criteria used to define racial groups in any society are arbitrary.†¨D. All of these choices are true. 13. The historical process in any society by which a group comes to be defined as a race is called _____. †¨A. racial formation†¨B. immigration contact theory†¨C. the principle of physical salience†¨D. engendered racism 14. What is the sociological concept of racial formation? †¨A. The process by which a group comes to be identified as a race.†¨B. The process in which the major institutions of society such as law and education create and sustain beliefs about racial categories.†¨C. The interconnection of historical discrimination and the creation of racial categories.†¨D. All of these choices are true. 15. Which of these is an illustration of the concept of out-group homogeneity? †¨A. Members of some minority groups are perceived as being very similar to the dominant group in society.†¨B. Members of a set of minority groups, such as Laotians, Chinese, Japanese, and Indonesians, are perceived as being similar enough to share a general category (Asian).†¨C. Members of all groups considered minority groups in a society are perceived as having theShow MoreRelatedChapter 4 Of The Longman Writer963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Longman Writer Chapters 4, 5, and 6 In brief, chapter 4 of The Longman Writer by Judith Nadell and John Lang taught the reader how to support the thesis using evidence. As an addition to chapter 3 â€Å"Identifying a Thesis†, chapter 4 emphasizes the importance of supporting the central idea by using enough evidence to convince the reader. Forms of evidence include â€Å"examples, facts, details, statistics, personal observation† (41) or anything that furthers the reader’s understanding. 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I recognizeRead MoreDrugs and behavior today chapter 1 quiz Essay990 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: DRUGS AND BEHAVIOR TODAY................................................................................ 1 Discussion questions and assignments 1 Lecture outline for Chapter 1 3 Video suggestions 7 Essay questions 8 True/false questions 9 Multiple choice questions 13 CHAPTER 2: DRUG-TAKING BEHAVIOR: THE PERSONAL AND SOCIAL CONCERNS.............. 27 Discussion questions and assignmentsRead MoreStudy Guide1489 Words   |  6 Pages2 Learning Materials and References ...........................................................................................................................4 Course Outline ...........................................................................................................................................................5 Evaluation and Grading .............................................................................................................................................9 StudyRead MoreIntroduction And Literature Review :1008 Words   |  5 PagesCHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW From a producer s point of view it is helpful to plan and incite a set scope of transformer sizes. 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Telemedicine and Telehealth in Malaysia free essay sample

In the early 1990s the term telemedicine became well-known in health care. Then, in the 21st century the term telemedicine change to telehealth because telemedicine is more than delivering medical care and wider services. Telemedicine was started over forty years ago which the hospitals extend care of patients in remote areas. This service rapidly spread and become integrated into the ongoing operations of hospitals, speciality departments, home health agencies, private physician offices, and consumer’s homes and workplaces. Thus, growing variety of applications and services using two way video, email, smart phones, wireless tools and other forms of telecommunication technology. The word Tele- comes from an ancient Greek word of the same spelling that means distant. The late 1960s in the United States where they need to have a system for distance education and teleconsultation facility between the Nebraska Psychiatric Institute and a remote state mental health hospital. The system named as closed-circuit television system. We will write a custom essay sample on Telemedicine and Telehealth in Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Other than that, cardiac surgeon Micheal DeBakery performed open heart surgery in the United States and transmitted the procedure live to a hospital in Geneva, Switzerland. He used Comsats Early Bird satellite. He describes the progressed of the operation and answered live questions from Geneva in 1965. This surgery called as telesurgery. Telehealth can be defines as the integration of information, telecommunication, human-machine interface technologies and health technologies to deliver health care, to promote the health status of the people and to create health. In addition, it is the conjunction with better information and communication technology (ICT) growth in the healthcare delivery. It integrates the used of telecommunications and information systems as well as multimedia technologies to promote health care delivery and create health plan for the individual. Telemedicine is the use of information technologies to exchange health information and provide health care services across geographical, time, social and cultural barriers. Hence, as an umbrella that covers any medical activities involving an element of distance. Telemedicine also make the information and communication technology (ICT) play roles supported the complex interactions between patients, doctor or nurse, consultant and medical equipment. In addition, it can define as the use of exchanged medical information from one site to another via electronic communications to improve a patient’s clinical health status. Telemedicine refers to the actual delivery of remote clinical services using technology. At the early stage, the term telemedicine was used but later on changed to telehealth. It is because telehealth refers to a broader scope of services that includes telemedicine and other services that can be provided remotely using communication technologies. It can conclude that, telehealth including telemedicine and a variety of other services such as evaluation research, public health, consumer education, administration, evaluation research and, health professionals education. Besides that, the World Health Organization (WHO) makes a difference between telehealth and telemedicine. If telehealth is understood to mean the integration of telecommunication systems into the practice of protecting and promoting health, while telemedicine is the incorporation of these systems into curative medicine, then it must be acknowledged that telehealth corresponds more closely to the international activities of World Health Organization (WHO) in the field of public health. It covers education for health, public and community health, health systems development and epidemiology whereas telemedicine is oriented more towards the clinical apart. Thus, telemedicine is literally medicine practiced at a distance and telehealth is the delivery of health care services at a distance. In mid 1996, Malaysian government launched multimedia super corridor which include in Vision 2020 for a long term development in order to achieve developed country status in 2020. To attract world class multimedia systems and software companies and jumpstart the industry, seven electronic flagship applications have been designed. There are electronic government, Ramp;D clusters, worldwide web manufacturing, borderless marketing services, a national multipurpose smart card or called as myKad, smart schools and telemedicine. Then, in 1997 the Telemedicine Blueprint of Malaysia was published as reference document for the development of telehealth in Malaysia. Malaysian Health visions are to develop healthy citizens by a health system that is equitable, efficient, technologically appropriate, environmentally adaptable, and consumer friendly which is emphasis on quality, innovation, health promotion and respect for human dignity. Thus, the healthcare system in Malaysia need for a transformation in order to achieve this vision. So, they able increase life expectancy, increased expectations of consumer, rising healthcare cost and changing the pattern of disease. In addition, they focus on the individual and on wellness, care at home, and in the community, self empowerment through information, and seamless access to quality healthcare. In Malaysia, telemedicine was implemented because to ensure Malaysian citizens are receiving the best medical treatment. The Malaysia’s Telemedicine Blueprint 1997 was initiative by the Malaysian government to employ the use of telehealth in the country healthcare systems. Telemedicine was one of the flagships of Malaysia’s Multimedia Super Corridor project. Based on The Telemedicine Blueprint, telemedicine must be aligned to support future healthcare system of Malaysia. There are several objectives or goals need to be achieved such as wellness focus, person focus, informed person, self-help, care provided at home or close to home, seamless and continuous care, services tailored as much as possible, and effective, efficient and affordable services. Telemedicine promote wellness throughout life through network based services and health management tools, provide accurate and timely information, increase the ability of individuals to manage health through knowledge transfer and interactive, and provide enhanced access, integration and timely of high quality services at reasonable cost. This programme involves development of local health information network, infrastructure to improve health treatment, Teleconsultation (TC), Continuing Medical Education (CME), Mass Customized or Personalized Health Information (MCPHIE) and Lifetime Health Plan (LHP). All these sub-applications were related to each others. Firstly, Mass Customized or Personalized Health Information. This project is to provide health information affordable, reliable and high quality using information technology such as the internet, multimedia technologies and mass communications. The project will encourage individuals to take care of their health state and consequently support the government approach to enhance and promote their nations health. Second pilot project is Continuing Medical Education. It was developed to enhance or upgrade the healthcare knowledge through distant education and learning activities using multimedia technology. The project will avoid healthcare personnel from attends course offered by university and training colleges. So, they would not leave their current position. There were three main services offered such as the electronic courses, virtual library and online professional community services. There are two types of electronic courses which are formal distant learning and modular distant learning. In addition, virtual library were develop to help the healthcare professional perform their daily task such give access to the sources of information via the internet such as medical journals, e-books, medical databases and any sources related information. Lastly, online professional community services. Its function as utilize the internet applications such as email and related to create virtual environment for healthcare professionals to interact electronically. Other project is teleconsultation. It provides a platform for healthcare professionals consults their patients distant or remotely. This project use an offline applications such e-mail, or electronics data exchange and also via real time video and audio-conferencing. This project consists of four major parts which are cardiology, radiology, neurosurgery, and dermatology. Lifetime Health Plan also one of the telehealth flagship pilot projects. It was personalized for the individual and use as continuous medical care, informing the individual and healthcare providers with relevant medical information to maintain state of health of individual at the highest state. The project has three sub-application which are Clinical Support System (CSS), Healthcare Information Management and Support Services (HIMSS), and Personalized Lifetime Health (PLHP). In 2004, the application restructured under the Medical Services Programme and the telehealth project was reviewed and the scope was reorganized into the seven components which are Lifetime Health Records (LHR), Personalized Lifetime Health Plan (PLHP), Health Online, Continuing Professional Development (CPD), Teleconsultation (TC), Call Centre and Group Data Services (GDS). Later on, in 2007 the integration with Integrated Health Enterprise reorganized the telehealth structure in five components namely Lifetime Health Records (LHR) and Services, Lifetime Health Plan (LHP), Health Online, Teleconsultation (TC), and Continuing Professionals Development (CPD). Continuing Professionals Development (CPD) is a replacement for Continuing Professionals Development (CPD). It is to enhance the capability and knowledge of healthcare professional. The services provided are virtual library, modular instant learning (MDL), calendar of CPD events, online activity monitoring, online directory, complement assessment and monitoring and evaluation of CPD. Ministry of Health Malaysia had been produced the National Telehealth Policy to ensure the successful implementation of telehealth. This policy consist macro policies which are the issues of access, standards, confidentiality and privacy, accuracy and reliability, legislation, human resources development, ethical considerations, finance, research, monitoring and evaluation and structure and organisation. The objectives of this policy are ensure the health care providers and consumers realise the universal usage of telehealth and accept health as an integral part of the health delivery system, to ensure that telehealth services is affordable by consumers, to enhance the sustainability of telehealth as a part of health care delivery system, to ensure the integration within and between organisations, institutions, and other relevant health agencies. This policy also enhances improvement of quality in all aspects of telehealth services and to facilitate the improvements in equity and accessibility of health services in the manner of seamless care from primary to tertiary level. Next, to implement this program successfully there are many challenges and obstacles to be encountered such as socioeconomic and cultural barriers. In Malaysia, there are four different types of hospitals which are the state general hospital, district hospital, national referral centre and special institution, and non-Ministry of Health hospitals. Some of places is hard to retrieve because the geographical problem. So, citizens could not use the facilities provided by the hospital. Besides that, the shortage of funding. Money is very important because to implement the project we need to buy hardware and software, hired skill staff and other equipments. Other challenge is technologies literacy. Some of the area in Malaysia still not expose with the technology especially in rural area. This will contribute to failure the projects and mission of the government. They do not know how to use communication and it lead to difficulty for them interact with the healthcare professionals. Other than that, difficulties of healthcare professionals communicate each other. It means the healthcare professionals difficult to communicate with other practitioners in the urban area or hospitals. There are four aspects to be studied in using telehealth and telemedicine which are operational, technical, finance and time. According to the respondents, operation aspect is the most important because the system able to enhance the image of these hospitals and organization must provide enough training and supports to medical officers in operation of telemedicine. Few factors that contribute to the successful of telehealth are leadership and management. Top management plays important roles to ensure the implementation of telemedicine in hospitals. Besides that, the security and privacy also contributes to the success of telehealth. Other than that, sufficient basic infrastructures need to be considered in term of to enhance their knowledge and the able to utilize the programme. The benefit of telehealth for patients is improved access to services. Patients able to meet with their healthcare personnel without face to face. They may use video-conferencing and this give wider access for both sides. This is also more timely diagnosis and treatment to patients because they can see their healthcare personnel anytime and anywhere. This service helps patients especially elderly or isolated that difficult to leave home to access health and support services. Besides that, better in-home care. Some of patient comfortable stay at home because more privacy, improve quality of life, reducing social isolation, improve self-management, and telemonitoring can be valuable for elder with chronic conditions. The benefit of telehealth for health professionals is facilitating team-based and multidisciplinary care. It means the healthcare personnel from different speciality like allied heath and specialist can interact and discuss as a team the treatment plan for a patient even they separated by geography. Besides, to enhanced access to professional development and support. They can improve their knowledge not in clinical field only but non-clinical field. Example of continue medical education such as videoconferencing and online collaborative applications such as virtual classrooms can be used by busy practitioners. Apart from Malaysia, there are other countries that have implemented telehealth such Vietnam, United States, Singapore, and Australia. At a general hospital in Orange, New South Wales, Australia, beds have been linked to a clinical information portfolio computer system to give staff immediate access to patients conditions from a central location. Besides, Singapore hospitals have invested in ICU IT solutions to enable critical care medical staff to actively monitor patients in ICUs from remote locations. The Hanh Phuc International Women and Children hospital in Vietnam has a central maternal-fetal monitoring station as well as wireless foetal monitoring solutions which provide clinicians with vital information to track patients throughout the labour and delivery period. Surgeons at the Methodist Hospital in Houston, the United States, use a robotic system controlled from a remote location to unblock the arteries of patients with blocked peripheral arteries. Using video and integrated medical devices, medical experts are now providing services to communities in the most remote areas (New Straits Times, 2012). Other than that, to know the internal and external conditions and situations the study has been done. They use SWOT analysis to know the result. Strength of this program are national level strategy for the development of telemedicine, national level organization established to develop and promote telehealth, long existence and tradition of telehealth and established telecommunication networks. The weaknesses of this program are national strategy for telehealth in needs to be updated because of rapid development of the information technology, telecommunication networks in needs to be upgraded to meet the needs for further development of telehealth, lack of business modelling and operating mechanism for telehealth, and uneven accessibility. Then, the opportunities. There are slower but upcoming population leaves the country few more years to develop its telehealth networks and technical booming of ICT is providing telehealth much better platform than ever before. Lastly, threats for telehealth programs which are changing disease patterns and lack of trained professionals. In conclusion, this term closely allied with the term health information system but a health information system refers to electronic medical records and related information systems. Some of the hospitals have implemented paperless and firmless hospital. During the time telehealth application launched, the Ministry of Health launched their Total Hospital Information System projects which are Hospital Selayang and Hospital Putrajaya. They also need to motivate the clinician to participate in telemedicine programme. They also must eager to use the art information technology while performing their tasks. This programmes shows that the government is in the right track although having some delayed in the execution.

Research Methodology an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

Research Methodology The reality that high standards in research exist at the present time, added with the fact that our knowledge in the fields of quantitative-based methodology has extended in the years, there is more need for students to take more research methods and statistics courses. It appears that professor curriculum and the like have less and less space for research design, statistics, and measurements. At some institutions, students are obligated to take only one statistics class. At such institutions, choice of subjects of study is enormously critical. Vital components of research conducting are consciousness of the most contemporary statistical theory and applications and a readiness to change. As noted by Johnson, "it is vital that professors of educational research and statistics obtain the newest developments in methodology and statistics so that they can transfer this information to their students" (Johnson 34-35). Need essay sample on "Research Methodology" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Unhappily, the teaching of unsuitable or outdated statistical techniques can lead the students to under-develop their educational and science works. It is especially a problem for those who conduct serious theses, dissertations, and other types of research studies. As it is known, statistical teaching has changed little during the last decades. Moreover, confirmation exists that the greater part of published studies, which are seriously flawed, contain procedural, analytical, and interpretational errors (Onwuegbuzie 110-116). As noted by Onwuegbuzie, some of these flaws take sauce from graduate-level instructions in which statistical methods are taught as a chain of schedule steps, rather than as a interactive and reflective process. In such works, graduate-level curricula reduce students' experience with statistical theory and applications. Such works can also contain applications of diverse inaccurate and deceptive mythologies about the nature of research. Other point of unsuccessf ul research delivery are growing numbers of statistics instructors teaching out of their areas of knowledge and a failure, unwillingness, or even refusal to distinguish that statistical techniques that were popular in past years. Such techniques may be considered to contain no importance (Cangelosi 26-27). Examples of unsuitable statistical practices that are being circulated in many statistics courses include: (1) not providing proof that statistical assumptions were checked prior to conducting quantitative analyses. (2) Sometimes, sample size considerations are not discussed. (3) We can also find inappropriate treatment of multivariate data in many research reports. (4) We may encounter failure to report consistency indices for either prior or present samples. (5) It can also be no control for Type I error rate and failure to report effect sizes (Onwuegbuzie 121-127). While conducting a research, student make keep in mind that the function of research is the decision that a statistics executor must make. The resemblance of statistics approach instructors uses to teach statistics is a function of the philosophical orientation, and also the experience in using diverse methodologies (Carver 42). Philosophical and Theoretical Background Shadish argues that research and evaluation of data is not merely applied by social science. Shadish appeals to the peculiar problems manifested in evaluation and research. However, various problems arise not merely in evaluation of data but whenever one tries to apply social science. The problems, then, arise not from the perverse peculiarities of research but from the manifest failure of much of mainstream social science and the identifiable reasons for that failure (Shadish 20-26). When the practice of evaluation and research was initiated in the 1960s, the shift toward a postindustrial information-based economy, and corresponding ways of thinking, had just begun. The succession of dominant ideas within the field may reflect not just a progressive maturation of thinking through experience, but an evolved adaptation to a changing social environment (Shadish 27-28). It has been claimed that the so-called rational model of social decision-making is now dead and, with it, the role of the program evaluator as an intelligence agent (or, at least, information provider) for the defunct rational policymakers. But what precisely does that mean? Does it mean that decisions are now somehow to be made irrationally? If so, precisely what kind of information is now required for the making of irrational decisions? In some sense, it can be said that calling a research unsuccessful is a subjective notion. In estimating social or student unsuccessful research, we do not think that anyone really believes that modern humans have somehow lost their rational faculties in planning complex social strategy or design. By implication, research tools and evaluators are not exclusively beholden to any monolithic set of rules, objectives, or policymakers. Their clientele is the entire social network involved in and influenced by the social program, not just some specially empowered individual. The most important in the research is the credibility and accuracy of the results, not a standard or defined methodology (Kaplan 81-85). Neither research evaluation nor, as more broadly construed, evaluation, constitute a field of inquiry. Evaluation is an enterprise aimed at deciding the worth of various activities, and that enterprise comes equipped with a variety of assumptions and methods. As noted by Shadish, we can evaluate anything in our research. But if evaluation as an intellectual or professional activity is defined too broadly, it loses most of its usefulness in focusing attention and effort. A central set of issues exists with respect to evaluation (Shadish 30). Threats during Research Process Analysis of findings concerning the researcher as possible threat during the research process: The following aspects of the researcher as possible threat during the research process will be addressed in this discussion: the educational researcher's mental and other discomfort could pose a threat to the truth value of data obtained and information obtained from data analyses; the researcher not being sufficiently prepared to conduct the field research; not being able to do member checking on findings; conducting inappropriate interviews; not including demographic data in the description of the results; the researcher not being able to analyze interviews in depth; and describing the research methodology and research results in a superficial manner (Hyman 28-29). The researcher's mental and other discomfort could pose a threat to the truth value of data obtained and information obtained from data analyses: In certain circumstances the research topic could be so close at home to the researcher's own frame of reference and experience that all effort to bracket and intuit are fruitless. In the authors' research they have experienced that the researcher could not conduct interviews with families in which a child was terminally ill. As soon as the researcher was confronted with the intense pain of the families that were in the process of saying good bye to their beloved, she could not bear the pain. The reason for this was that her own unresolved pain regarding her brother's suicide. Supervisors must be alert because post-graduate candidates quite often select research topics close to their own unresolved pain and experiences. The researcher not being sufficiently prepared to conduct the field research: This includes amongst others not checking the context and culture of the respondents; being dressed inappropriately; insensitivity towards possible problems with technical apparatus during recording data in the practical research situation such as tape recorders with dysfunctional batteries. In the authors' own experience with the project on the termination of pregnancy, one of the researchers in the project went to conduct an interview with an extremely poor lady in a far off rural community. Although she came from the same tribe, speaking the same language and dialect of Xhosa, she had climbed the socio-economic ladder and drove in with her luxurious motorcar and expensive jewelry and clothes to the place where the interview had to be conducted. Needless to say the interview, in spite of efforts was not successfully conducted (Hays 71-73). The researcher not being able to do member checking on findings: After being interviewed the respondents expressed the wish not to be contacted in any way by the researchers. They have told their story about their experience of being involved in the termination of pregnancy and do not want to be reminded again of the experienced pain. In the research on the termination of a pregnancy, almost all of these adolescents expressed the wish never to see the researchers again. They made it very clear that it was not that they disliked them, but that this experience is a chapter in their lives that they want to close and forget as soon as possible. To counteract this very real problem they decided to conduct more interviews than the usual number that is deemed as saturated data. In this way the authors caught the lived-experienced as repeated themes. Further, the authors also conducted interviews in similar contexts in other provinces in South Africa so that they could describe the lived-exp erience of these adolescents as richly and densely as possible (Hays 74-76). The researcher conducting inappropriate interviews: This aspect includes researcher bias, leading questions, and defocusing of researcher leading to insensitivity and interviews that are too short to express the richness of the investigated phenomenon; and conducting therapy instead of research. In the authors' own research they have experienced that even a trained and well-experienced interviewee could become so involved with the research topic that she could not bracket her own experiences. This happened when she conducted a focus group interview with a group of students on their experiences of a technology laboratory. When the students started to share their experiences on the lego blocks the interviewer started to share her own children's experiences of lego. The result was that the interviews could not be utilized in the research (Hopkins 57-59). The researcher not including demographic data in the description of the results: This lead to confusion in the reader of the research report because she cannot understand the context in which the research was conducted. Without a dense description of the context of a research project other researchers might not be able to transfer findings to their research projects. For example the results from a research project in a rural tribal area in which customary laws and rejection of the evacuated fetus is such that there is no place in the tribal graveyard for the fetus, cannot be transferred to a higher socio-economic status family from a western background in which the teenage girl is allowed to mourn her loss of the terminated life. However, if the context were described very clearly, the transference would be possible within that specific context (Hopkins 60-64). The researcher not being able to analyze interviews in depth: Possible reasons for this have been identified as: the researcher spending insufficient time and not being immersed in the data; the presentation of the storyline is insufficient; and the researcher analyzing the data with preconceived ideas. In an investigation of a researcher "The ethical conflict of registered nurse relating to termination of teenage pregnancy" the question posed by the interviewer was "Tell me about your experiences when you had to attend to a teenager who requested a termination of pregnancy?" One of the aims of this investigation was "To explore and describe the lived-experiences, thoughts, perceptions, feelings, behaviors and viewpoints of a nurse practitioner that is a mother of a teenage daughter, regarding a teenager who terminates pregnancy. This would also shed light on the possible conflict that these nurses would experience as their personal beliefs are challenged by the obligation to perform a service" (Hyman 30). The two main themes that emerged were participants felt that registered nurses had multiple role expectations of themselves during their involvement in termination of pregnancy by teenagers; and participants expressed concern over the need for improved communication between parents and children regarding sexuality and reproductive issues. It is clear that there is not a logical coherence between the various aspects of the research project and the researcher could not have analyzed the data in depth. It is also clear that the researcher's own preconceived ideas contaminated the research project as a whole and more specifically the conducting of the interview and the resulting analysis of the data. The researcher describing the research methodology and research results in a superficial manner: The research methodology is not described in a justified and logical manner so that the other researchers can replicate the research in similar contexts. Regarding the research results, the data have not been reduced enough; the themes have not been described in depth so that the reader understands the meaning; the quotations of the respondents do not support the themes that have been described. This contributes to a lack of richness in description of the phenomenon (Hyman 31-33). Possible measures that can be applied to ensure trustworthiness To address the abovementioned threats to trustworthiness researchers can apply the following criteria and accompanying strategies: truth-value through credibility; applicability through transferability; consistency through dependability; and neutrality through confirmability. Different actions can be taken to apply these strategies. The actions that can be taken to apply credibility include: prolonged and varied field experience; reflexivity (field journal that is the keeping of field notes on paper and tape recordings); triangulation through using multiple researchers, multiple data collections, multiple contexts; and multiple data sources. Member checking has to be done in an unconventional manner by utilizing similar respondents in similar contexts. Peer examination has to be utilized through regular team meetings to monitor progress and justification of the research process. Threats regarding interviewing can be addressed by monitoring audio taped and transcribed interviews by the researchers. The authority of the researchers can be attained through workshops on qualitative research methodology, pilot interviews and continuous discussions on the research findings. Structural coherence can be addressed by utilizing cognitive strategies such as bracketing and intuiting (Hopkins 69-72). The threats to transferability can be addressed by describing the respondents within their specific demographic contexts; and by giving a dense and rich description of the results so that the respondents' voices could be heard. Dependability can be ensured by an audit of the research process with specific reference to the stepwise replication of the interviews; multiple researchers participating in the research (that is triangulation and peer review were utilized). Data reduction can take place by applying code-recode procedures. The researchers and independent coders should have consensus discussions. Confirmation can be ensured by providing a trial of evidence for co-researchers to follow and check whether they would arrive at similar conclusions. This includes the monitoring of the researchers applying triangulation and being reflexive throughout the research process (Hopkins 73-74). Works Cited: Cangelosi, J. S. Designing tests for evaluating student achievement. New York: Longman, 1990. Carver, R. P. The case against statistical significance testing, revisited. The Journal of Experimental Education, 61, 1993. Hays, W. L. Statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981. Hopkins, K. D. Conducting Research. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002. Hyman, R. Diversity of research techniques. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 1995. Johnson, C. W. A multiple comparison procedure. Educational Research. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 50, 1985. Kaplan, R. M. Philosophy of research: Principles, applications, and issues. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. 1996. Onwuegbuzie, S. A simple sequentially projective multiple test procedure. Research Errors. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6, 1979. Shadish, T. Research and evaluation of data. Educational Researcher, 26(5), 1991

9 Things You Need to Know About Getting Paid to Speak

9 Things You Need to Know About Getting Paid to Speak When I first published How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, I had big dreams of becoming a sought-after keynote speaker. Some part of me thought that just because my book was a best-seller on Amazon, speaking opportunities would be knocking down my doors. I had a magic number in my head for my speaker fee: $2,000 plus travel. It didn’t take long for me to get an inquiry from a national organization, to whom I quoted $2,000 plus travel. They didn’t blink at the price, but they decided my topic was not right for their needs. I was inundated with other speaking offers – albeit mostly free ones. I accepted them. I spoke for free for women’s organizations, educational institutions, and local networking groups. I traveled to California to speak at a Connect – Work – Thrive conference. I did radio and TV appearances, and was interviewed for several BlogTalkRadio spots. After a couple of years, I started getting more offers to speak for pay. I received $500 for a webinar, $350 for a talk for a local networking group, and $1,500 for three appearances at Project Management Institute meetings in Wisconsin. I was granted 100% of the entrance fees when I spoke at the Yale Club in Chicago, and a percentage of the fees paid when I presented for The National Resume Writers’ Association. Things were looking up. The idea with giving presentations, whether free or paid, is that you get access to potential clients. But I was not getting clients, even when I spoke to audiences theoretically comprised of my target market. Still, I kept speaking, and holding out for paid opportunities. Finally, a breakthrough happened. I was asked to speak at a software company in Madison, and they agreed to pay me close to $2,000 for a 2-hour workshop, plus an additional amount for individual coaching of their staff. Shortly following that win, I was asked for a proposal by a business school on the east coast. I submitted it, and was granted – at long last – $2,000 plus travel expenses! How I reached this milestone is a complex story. I wasn’t even clear about how I did it until I attended a webinar by Denise Hedges, presented for Career Thought Leaders. Here’s what I learned, both through my own experiences and through the webinar, about how to make money as a speaker: 1. Become an author. This one is obvious isn’t it? Right or wrong, authors are considered authorities on the topic they write about. If you can become a best-selling author, even better. I have no doubt that having written How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile is responsible for much of the interest in me as a speaker. Writing content for a blog helps too, as does creating a monthly or quarterly newsletter. Build an audience through your writing and you are more likely to attract an audience who wants to see you live. 2. Market yourself confidently as a speaker. I realized early on that if I were going to get paid to speak, I had better have a great head shot. I believe my new head shot, a vast improvement over the home-made one I had used previously, made a difference in the interest level for my services. In addition, once you reach a certain point, create a speaker brochure that includes topics you can speak about, pictures of you speaking, where you have spoken before, enthusiastic testimonials, and a persuasive bio about you as a speaker. It took me years to do this, and once I did I was able to send it to the university who hired me for $2,000. I don’t know what would have happened if I had not had that brochure to promote myself. Finally, show up professionally when you get an inquiry. Over time, I learned what questions to ask to make it clear I know what I’m doing: What is the organization’s budget if any? How big is the audience? Who will be in the audience and what are their goals? How long is the presentation? Who will pay for my travel? Who will pay for printing any materials I want to distribute? Do I need a parking pass? Asking these questions demonstrates that you are experienced and in control of the situation. You will command respect. 3. Say yes. Before I got the paid speaking engagements I so desired, I said yes to a lot of unpaid opportunities. Through those events, I became a better speaker and garnered testimonials and photographs to use in my brochure (see #2). I built credibility so that more prestigious organizations would ask me to speak. Notice I said I garnered testimonials. Yes, I asked for them! Testimonials don’t often drop in your lap. But many people will be happy to write them when you ask. Also, you never know who might be in attendance at one of your presentations. I have had attendees at a free talk connect me with future paid opportunities. 4. Choose a punchy title and write an effective program description. In your session title, describe what you’re going to speak about. Don’t be cryptic. Keep the title short – and add a subtitle if appropriate. Most important, don’t promise something and then not deliver! You want people to be satisfied that you gave them what they expected (and more). For the description promoting your session, write a paragraph or two about the problem and the solution you will provide, then list 3-5 takeaways of what the audience will get from the presentation. Here’s Denise’s well-crafted title: Build Your Business By Speaking:  What They’re Not Telling You About How to Get Started And here’s one of my upcoming session titles: The Human Guinea Pig: How to Put Personality into LinkedIn Profiles 5. Capture their attention Always start your presentations with a story! Personal stories are relatable and create likability and trust. Then tell them your objective and what they can expect to learn during the time you’re together. Set expectations not just for what you’ll be saying, but also for when they will be able to ask questions. These practices will create an attentive audience who is not distracted with wondering why you’re saying what you’re saying or when they will get to ask their questions. 6. Address the concerns of your audience. I often ask the organizer of an event ahead of time to collect questions from people who will be attending my presentation. That way I have an understanding of their needs and can craft my material accordingly. I tailor what I’m saying to the group to make sure I provide value. I don’t hold back. I provide as much value as I can provide in 45 minutes. It never works to look like you’re trying to sell something. I reserve just the last two minutes for an offer. 7. Give something valuable to your audience. Denise Hedges recommends making an offer to your audience for a complimentary consultation. If you do this right, you can get a 10-20% response from your audience, and about half of them will hire you after the consultation. I’ll admit that while I’ve sold a fair number of books after my presentations, I have not been successful in obtaining many clients from my speaking engagements. I have made offers to attendees, but based on the low response I’ve gotten, those offers have not been attractive enough to create interest. I am going to follow the advice I got from Denise from now on! Here’s what she recommends for the offer portion of your speech: Make it flow seamlessly Offer a complimentary session – talk about what difference your services can make for them Directly address the people in the room who are ready to take action. Tell them if they want certain results, you want to talk to them. 8. Watch your body language. Remember, 93% of your effectiveness is in your NON-VERBAL communication. Make sure you look good, aren’t fidgeting, make eye contact with the audience, and speak in a conversational manner devoid of â€Å"ums† and â€Å"uhs.† 9. Practice! How do you get to Carnegie Hall? You practice. While you can practice in front of actual audiences, it’s much less risky to mess up and tune up by speaking to friends and family, or in front of a video recording device, so you can see what you look like and how you sound. As painful as that can be, it’s more painful to get negative feedback during your real speeches. Do you have more tips for successfully turning speaking engagements into income streams? Please share below!

Sula Analytical Essay

Sula Analytical Essay Sula Analytical Essay Ms Cherry 11/10/12 English 8 Sula Analytical Essay Everywhere in the world setting plays a huge part in a person’s behavior, view on things and perspective on life. Daily things that go around anyone’s neighborhood affects them every day even if they don’t notice it whether it’s immediate or long term. In the book Sula setting affects the way that two characters (Jude and Sula) in the book react to other characters in the book as well as how they survive and get by the struggles during that time. The setting affected the way Jude would be able to earn money for himself and his family. For Sula the setting affected the way she’d be able to commute and survive around the neighborhood, she faced lots of criticism and distractions which wasn’t good for her in the long run. Setting affects everything you do in your life as long as you’re residing there and that was proven in the novel Sula by Toni Morrison. One main reason that Jude was affected by setting was because he wasn’t able to obtain a certain job because of his skin color. His environment and surroundings didn’t allow him to get that opportunity and that upset him. If he was to live in an area where black people were appreciated or wanted at that time it’d make it much easier for him to obtain that job and do what he planned on doing which explains how important a person’s setting plays into their life. Sula’s setting affected her simply because women were looked down on during this time and Sula’s decisions around the town weren’t making it any easier

D. Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

D. Question - Assignment Example The first step in determining any disease or nutritional deficiencies is to perform a physical examination which encompasses an assessment of age, sex, as well as anthropometric data (the measuring of weight, height, body mass index, and waist or arm circumference). According to Fischer & Hamilton (2013), the two primary techniques for carrying out a physical exam include body inspection and palpation. In addition, these two techniques are subdivided within themselves (p. 2). Shiny hair reveals healthy and nourished body, while an unhealthy body will show vulnerability to damage of hair or stop growing altogether, for example dandruff, baldness, folliculitis, pemphigus foliaceus, hirsutism, and grey hair (UMMC, 2013). While healthy nails will be smooth and strong, have a little color and be transparent, whereas unhealthy nails will have psoriasis, beau’s lines, onycholysis, yellow nail syndrome, and trachyonychia. Examples of nutritional deficiency diseases include scurvy, pernicious anemia, intellectual disability, rickets, kwashiorkor, marasmus, vitamin k deficiency, tetany, keshan disease, growth retardation, beriberi, pellagra, goiter, biotin deficiency, ariboflavinosis, hypocobalaminemia, night blindness, and paraesthesia (Mulcahy, 2012). Poor hair condition and diseased nails are triggered by chemical and hormonal imbalances, because of aging, illness and nutritional deficiency (Academy Medical, 2011). Furthermore, nutrition deficiency is a significant cause, resulting to chemical and hormonal imbalances, as well as illness, and accounts for the majority of both hair disorders as well as nail disease. Usually where there are nutritional deficiencies, it is due to improper working digestive system, an unbalanced diet, inadequate nutritional supplements and metabolism or inflammation within the body area where energy is being redirected. As a result, other

Environmental geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Environmental geography - Essay Example Scientists agree that hunting played a more significant role in the formation and life of the ancient people, and thereby determined its development. Speaking of hunting, hunting methods used by ancient people should be noted. Hunting for large animals is difficult to imagine without the use of specific method. However, those hunting tools used by Neanderthals were too fragile and not allowed to deal with such animals. Hunting process more than anything else has stimulated the development of collectivism: hunting on large animals was always performed with all the forces of the primitive community. It is the labor process which from the beginning to the end helped to unite members of society. Finally, thousand-year experience and knowledge about the world gave the way from the difficult situation. Primitive man began not only to take from nature, but to restore its wealth. People have long noticed that the corns of plants that fall into good ground subsequently germinated. They also realized that the small little animals, found during hunting, should not be killed. People began to sow grain deliberately and domesticate and breed animals. In the Mesolithic dog was domesticated. Gradually in the Neolithic period primitive people moved from hunting and gathering to agriculture and animal husbandry, by appropriating management practices to reproduction. This transition has been called the Neolithic revolution. Agriculture was spread on the land with the most favorable conditions: the warm climate, fertile soil, wild grasses. The invention of agriculture and animal husbandry, according to scientists, determined the future of mankind. From now, there were unprecedented prospects for increasing the necessary of food for human life. Agriculture provided a person with a constant number of necessary products, the production of which it could control.

Report on Herbal Medicine Essay Example for Free

Report on Herbal Medicine Essay 1. Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare known to mankind. Herbs had been used by all cultures throughout history, In 2735 B.C., the Chinese emperor Shen Nong wrote an authoritative treatise on herbs that is still in use today. 2. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 4 billion people, 80% of the world population, presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care. indeed, about 25% of the prescription drugs dispensed in the United States contain at least one active ingredient derived from plant material. 3. Today, research confirms that the herb boosts the immune system by stimulating the production of disease-fighting white blood cells. 4. WHO notes that of 119 plant-derived pharmaceutical medicines, about 74% are used in modern medicine in ways that correlated directly with their traditional uses as plant medicines by native cultures. 5. Herbs take many forms like capsule, tablet, tea, tincture, bath, compress, poultice and ointment. 6. Like any kind of remedies Herbs have advantages and disadvantages you have to ask your Doctor before take any of it, Generally Herbs dont have any serious dangerous on our health thats the reason why millions of people use it around the world. Conclusion Scientific experts and users of the Herbs are divided about its benefits. However, Herbal medicine is considered to be safe. Recommendations 1. Any medicine herbal or otherwise has the potential to have a adverse effects (or side effects). 2. Herbal medicines can also interact with other medicines you are taking. This could result in reduced or enhanced effects of the other medicines, including side effects. If you are consulting your doctor or pharmacist about your health or are about to have surgery or an operation, always tell them about any herbal medicines you are taking. 3. As with all medicines, keep herbal medicines out of the sight and reach of children.

OSI MODEL Essay -- essays research papers

Michael Rauseo  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IT310  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   OSI Model In the early years of computer and network research and development many systems were designed by a number of companies. Although each system had its rights and were sold across the world, it became apparent as network usage grew, that it was difficult, to enable all of these systems to communicate with each other. In the early 1980s, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recognized the need for a network model that would help companies create common network implementations. The OSI reference model, released in 1984, addresses this need. The OSI reference model became the primary architectural model for communications. Although other architectural models have been created, most network vendors relate their network products to the OSI reference model. The OSI model describes the processes necessary for effective communication in terms of a seven layered model. The seven layers are : Physical Layer The physical layer defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between end systems. Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, and physical connectors, are defined by physical layer specifications. Data Link Layer The data-link layer provides error-free transfer of data frames from one computer to another over the physical layer. The layers above this layer can assume virtually error-free transmission over the network. The data-link layer provides the following functions. - Establishing and terminating a logical link between two computers identified by their unique network interface card. - Controlling frame flow by instructing the transmitting computer not to transmit frame buffers - Sequentially transmitting and receiving frames - Providing and expecting frame-acknowledgment, and detecting and recovering from errors that occur in the physical layer by ret... ...cation layer of one system will be readable by the application layer of another system. If necessary, the presentation layer translates between multiple data representation formats by using a common data representation format. The presentation layer concerns itself not only with the format and representation of actual user data, but also with data structures used by programs. In addition to actual data format transformation, the presentation layer negotiates data transfer syntax for the application layer. Application Layer The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the user. It differs from the other layers because it does not provide services to any other OSI layer, but rather to application processes lying outside the scope of the OSI model. Examples include spreadsheet programs, word-processing programs, banking terminal programs, etc. The application layer identifies and establishes the availability of intended communication partners, synchronizes cooperating applications, and establishes agreement on procedures for error recovery and control of data integrity. Also, the application layer determines whether sufficient resources for the intended communication exist. []

Healthcare & Current regulatory policy

The Current regulatory policy touching on the healthcare professionals is grounded on the believe that the marketplace of these professionals services fails because of the lack of full information concerning the healthcare services on the part of the consumers of these services (Haas-Wilson, 2010). That way a number of professionals in this field can offer low quality services at prices that are not commensurate to the quality of the services to gullible consumers without the fear of being told to account for these compromised services that even flout professional ethics of the healthcare profession (Haas-Wilson, 2010).Healthcare professional are always very quick to defend the existence of these regulations arguing that they ensure that healthcare professionals are offering high quality healthcare services to each and every client of these services irrespective of whether they are informed of their right to quality healthcare services or not (Drake, 2008). Whether they ensure qualit y service to clients the way healthcare professionals argues is still a subject of intense debate.However, it is not in contention that by dictating the minimum qualification and experience that a healthcare professional should have in order to practices, there a big number of quacks who are restrain from infiltrating the lucrative healthcare market (Drake, 2008). The regulatory agencies that have been mandated to pass rules and regulations that will be used to govern the practice of the healthcare professional is also another major step at protecting the clients of these services and ensuring that they get only the best and most appropriate services.The restriction especially on advertising on the other hand which also makes up these regulations also go along way in enabling that the clients of these services make informed decision free from any influence when looking for the healthcare services. Reasons for the existence of mal-distribution of physicians in spite the high number o f physicians graduating from medical school The problem of mal-distribution of the healthcares professional is not a new phenomenon in the United States especially in the rural areas (Rapaport, 1980).This has continued despite the government intervention and even the high number of medical graduates graduating from our universities and other institutions of higher learning offering medical disciplines. Healthcare professional in this case refers to the likes of nurses, nurse practitioners, physician, and physician assistants. One of the reasons for this state of affair is due to the fact a large number of healthcare practitioners prefers to locate their medical facilities in the metropolitan areas because of their high population (Sign, & Shi, 2009).Another factor that is aggravating the already worse situation is the fact that many medical practitioners are leaving graduate school as specialists like retina specialist thereby making their application in the rural areas untenable (S ign, & Shi, 2009). Effects of this distribution in the context of diverse special populations There are a number of problems that are associated with this mal-distribution in the United States, some of these concerns that are associated with this kind of lopsided distribution include cost, access and finally quality.With scanty availability of healthcare services in most rural areas the question of high cost begin to haunt the consumers of this services. The few who are practicing in these rural areas can increase costs of these services without improving on quality of the same (Sign, & Shi, 2009). The same applies to the quality of the services which happens because of few practitioners, lack of enough information and inadequate regulation (Rapaport, 1980). Finally, the access of these services also becomes a problem to the dweller of these areas primarily because of the high healthcare practitioner to patient’ ratio (Rapaport, 1980).References Haas-Wilson, Deborah, (2010). The Regulation of Health Care Professionals Other Than Physician. Retrieved 25 July 2010 from http://www. cato. org/pubs/regulation/regv15n4/reg15n4d. html Drake, M. Dawn, (2008). Examining the Issue of Mal-Distribution of Physician through GIS: A Case Study of Retina Specialists in the United States. Retrieved 25 July 2010 from

Family Management Essay

1. What information in the documentary most surprised you? The thing that most surprised me was the amount of credit cards that a household. I am currently stressed out by having one credit card, I could not even imagine multiplying that stress by 8. I understand that adults with families need credit cards to help buy necessities for their families, but I think that if you are going to take on the responsibilities of owning a credit card, you should make sure you are able to pay more then just the minimum amount. That is another thing that surprised me, the fact that 35 million people only pay the minimum amount due is really shocking because people should be well aware by now how much money they are actually loosing by doing that. 2. Do you think the government should have a role in regulating both who can get credit cards and what interest and fees consumers should pay? If so, who should be the regulators? Who would benefit from such regulation? Who would lose? Explain. I don’t think the government should have a role in regulating who can get a credit card or the interest rate or fees. When people sign up for a credit card, they are well aware of the responsibility that they are taking on. Everyone knows their limit and how much interest they are charged, so if you cant afford to pay something off on time you should not buy it. I don’t think people should blame the banks if they are being charged interest on their purchases; it is their responsibility to be able to keep track of their income and their spending. Even though the bank is making money off of people who do not pay their bills on time, they are the ones lending money to people and they need to make some profit to, like every other business out there. 3. How, according to the four â€Å"normal consumers† in the documentary, does owning a credit card or credit cards affect purchasing decisions? Owning a credit card or multiple credit cards give the illusion of having more money then you actually do. The credit card makes people think that paying it later isn’t a big deal, when actually it buries people in huge sums of debt. Buying something for $500 and only making minimum payments for it can actually end up being double the price (depending on your interest rate). I was brought up thinking that credit cards are for emergencies and emergencies only, but now that I have one I find myself tempted to by things that are not even close to a necessity, and because of this piece of plastic, I also find that I convince myself not to worry and that I will pay it off later. It affects the purchasing decision by giving the illusion of money that most people don’t have, people have a hard time distinguishing the difference of their wants and their needs. Since there is an option to do a minimum payment, the majority of people are taking that route. 4. Who loses and gains the most from credit card companies’ policies? The people who gain from credit card companies are the ‘dead beats’, also known as the people who pay off their entire credit card bill at the end of the month. The reason that they are the gainers is because they are the ones who never have to pay interest, therefore the credit card companies are not making any money off of them and are basically just lending money to these people. The people that pay of their entire bill at the end of the month not only don’t have to pay interest, but they also gain benefits and good credit rates, depending on what that bank offers. The people that lose from credit cards are the people that only make the minimum payments. The downfall with only paying the minimum payments is that they are gaining interest of the balance spent, so they are constantly loosing money. They may think that they are saving money because they are not spending a lot on payments, but in the long run they are paying double the amount. 5. Has the documentary influenced how you might use credit cards in the future? Explain† (Frontline, 2008). Definitely, I’ve always thought I had a good concept on the whole credit card situation, but looking at the video has made me realize how much money I am actually loosing. I’ve always paid more then the minimum payment but still, I would much rather be one of the â€Å"dead beats†. Being in school makes that next to impossible though since I cannot work as much as I’d like to. This video makes me more conscious of the purchases that I make and it also makes me want to pay off my credit card off immediately! Being a student has put me into a lot of debt, I hope that once I have a career in place I will be able to pay off all of my debts.

Free Essays on Urbainization

Segregation In Urban Areas Since urbanization began in European cities, there has always been segregation, either by class, socio-economic status, political affiliation, etc. In modern American cities stratification is most heavily linked to class or race. There are many reasons that segregation in cities take place, and we will explore the more prevalent ideas of social stratification. When urban centers in America were beginning to take shape, people moved in droves to these industrial metropolises to find work and success. We studied earlier the effects of this mass immigration to cities and saw the horrid living conditions that people endured to find work. The overcrowding of cities made ghettos obvious and wealth was not directly associated with the masses of people moving in. Through the years, urban areas grew with new suburban towns encircling the city. Wealthier people inhabited these suburban areas with the ability to move in and out of cities at their own will. Cities became a melting pot of cultures in a small area. People of the same ethnic background often moved into neighborhoods in which their own culture was dominant as to fit in and feel more at home. These areas are obvious in places such as Libman 2 Chinatown, or â€Å"Little Italy†. Southie, in Boston is dominated by the working class Irish people that came to the American cities as many others did: looking for work, and the American Dream. These social groupings are one way that cities become segregated. This segregation is not the discriminatory term that we usually attribute to the phrase, but the separation of social groups. â€Å"The city in the 1920’s was often a battleground as various groups within the population struggled for social and cultural authority.† New laws in urban centers gave way to a new cultural group as well: criminals. Organized crime in the 1920’s was widespread; â€Å"In New York, Chicago, Detroit, and other ci... Free Essays on Urbainization Free Essays on Urbainization Segregation In Urban Areas Since urbanization began in European cities, there has always been segregation, either by class, socio-economic status, political affiliation, etc. In modern American cities stratification is most heavily linked to class or race. There are many reasons that segregation in cities take place, and we will explore the more prevalent ideas of social stratification. When urban centers in America were beginning to take shape, people moved in droves to these industrial metropolises to find work and success. We studied earlier the effects of this mass immigration to cities and saw the horrid living conditions that people endured to find work. The overcrowding of cities made ghettos obvious and wealth was not directly associated with the masses of people moving in. Through the years, urban areas grew with new suburban towns encircling the city. Wealthier people inhabited these suburban areas with the ability to move in and out of cities at their own will. Cities became a melting pot of cultures in a small area. People of the same ethnic background often moved into neighborhoods in which their own culture was dominant as to fit in and feel more at home. These areas are obvious in places such as Libman 2 Chinatown, or â€Å"Little Italy†. Southie, in Boston is dominated by the working class Irish people that came to the American cities as many others did: looking for work, and the American Dream. These social groupings are one way that cities become segregated. This segregation is not the discriminatory term that we usually attribute to the phrase, but the separation of social groups. â€Å"The city in the 1920’s was often a battleground as various groups within the population struggled for social and cultural authority.† New laws in urban centers gave way to a new cultural group as well: criminals. Organized crime in the 1920’s was widespread; â€Å"In New York, Chicago, Detroit, and other ci...

Psychotherapy Essays

Psychotherapy Essays Psychotherapy Essay Psychotherapy Essay Psychotherapy Research: Logotherapy Jonathan Guillen Langara College Abstract This paper is intended to describe and provide examples of logotherapy and where it came from. Logotherapy was developed by Viktor Frankl and is used to help clients perceive their own life and try to find meaning for it. The process of logotherapy is based on the idea that our primary motivation to life is to find meaning. This Unique form of therapy uses the idea of meaning like no other therapy has. It has received generally positive criticism and is still in use today to help people deal with anxiety disorders. LOGOTHERAPY The term â€Å"Logotherapy,† which is founded by Viktor Frankl, is derived from the Greek word, â€Å"logos†, which means â€Å"meaning†. The word â€Å"therapy† deals with the treatment for disorders. Frankl’s concept is based on the idea that our primary motivation in life is to find a meaning in life. Logotherapy was first published in 1938 Viktor Frankl and Logotherapy. During his early teenage years, Frankl became interested in psychology and even though he was in high school he also attended college psychology classes. He became interested in Sigmund Freud’s work and sent an article to him, titled â€Å"Internationale Zeitschrift fur Psycholanalyse† to which he accepted. But by the time it was published, Frankle was now influenced by Adler’s work. At 17, Frankl lectured at his college and discussed a topic on the meaning of life. His two main points were that â€Å"life does not answer our questions about the meaning of life but rather puts those questions on us,† and â€Å"the ultimate meaning of life is beyond the grasp of our intellect, but is something we only can live by, without ever being able to define it cognitively† After Adler established his school of psychology around the same time the First World War ended, many people had the existential question of the meaning of life, which was of course what Frankl took advantage of. In 1930, new concepts and coined new terms, namely, Logotherapy. ‘With the rise of Hitler, Frankl was taken to a concentration camp. Although he was stripped of everything, during this time he managed to write his book Aerztliche Seelsorge, later published in English as â€Å"The Doctor and the Soul. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ â€Å"The Doctor and the Soul† had Frankl’s theories. The 3 tenets of Logotherapy were tested in the camps in which he was in. 1. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable ones. 2. Our main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life. 3. We have freedom to find meaning in what we do, and what we experience, or a least in the stand we take when faced with a situation of unchangeable suffering. After his release, Frankl refined and strengthened the idea of Logotherapy. He worked at a hospital where he would practice his methods on patients Assumptions There are several assumptions in Logotherapy, which like any other form of psychotherapy, cannot be proven or disproven with any absolution. The Logotherapy Institute states that â€Å"to see if these assumptions make sense in our lives, we must assume that they are true. The following list is the assumptions of Logotherapy as listed on the Logotherapy Institute website. 1. â€Å"The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit. 2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable. 3. People have a will to meaning. 4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find meaning. 5. Life has a demand quality to which p eople must respond if decisions are to be meaningful. 6. The individual is unique. â€Å"The first assumption deals with the body (soma), mind (psyche), and spirit (noos). According to Frankl, the body and mind are what we have and the spirit is what we are. Assumption two is â€Å"ultimate meaning†. This is difficult to grasp but it is something everyone experiences and it represents an order in a world with laws that go beyond human laws. The third assumption is seen as our main motivation for living and acting. When we see meaning we are ready for any type of suffering. This is considered to be different than our will to achieve power and pleasure. Assumption four is that we are free to activate our will to find meaning and this can be done nder any circumstances. This deals with change of attitudes about unavoidable fate. Frankl was able to test the first four assumptions when he was confined in the concentration camps. The fifth assumption, the meaning of the moment, is more practical in daily living than ultimate meaning. Unlike ultimate meaning this meaning can be found and fulfilled. This can be done by following the values of society or by following the voice of our conscience. The sixth assumption deals with one’s sense of meaning. This is enhanced by the realization that we are irreplaceable. Key Concepts Frankls approach is based on three concepts: * Freedom of Will * Will to Meaning, * Meaning in Life Freedom of Will According to Logotherapy, we are free to make decisions and we are capable of taking our stance towards psychological and biological or social conditions. Freedom is defined by Logotherapy as the space of shaping ones own life within the limits of the given possibilities. Our freedom comes from the spiritual dimension of the person. As spiritual people, we are autonomous beings capable of actively shaping our lives. The idea of freedom of will plays an important role in psychotherapy, in that it provides clients with room for autonomous action even in the face of somatic or psychological illness. It will help them cope with their symptoms and will be able to take control of their lives and gain some determination to take control. Will to Meaning This concept describes humans as striving to achieve goals and finding a purpose. This is derived from the idea that our primary motivation is to find a meaning in life. If we cannot realize our Will to Meaning, we pose our existential questions and consider ourselves to be meaningless and feel a sense of emptiness. This frustration of the need to be able to find meaning and not being able to could lead to aggression, addiction, depression and possible suicide and could increase neurotic disorders. Logotherapy/Existential Analysis (LTEA) assists clients in perceiving and removing the factors that hold them back from pursuing meaningful goals in their lives. Clients are assisted in the perception of meaning potentials; clients are not offered specific meanings. Instead, they are guided and assisted in finding out their own meanings and purposes that could be possible for their own lives, on their own. Meaning in Life LTEA is based on the idea that meaning is not an illusion, but an actual obtainable substance. According to LTEA humans try their hardest to do the best for themselves and for their surroundings by finding a meaning in every situation of each moment. The meaning potentials are continually changing based on the current situation of a person. LTEA does not tell or offer a meaning to client, but instead, helps the client achieve the ability to shape their own lives in a meaningful way to help them find their own meaning in their own lives. Therapeutic techniques Paradoxical Intention Paradoxical Intention is used for those with compulsive disorders and anxiety disorders. The idea is to get the client to expose themselves intentionally or to wish for a situation that creates anxiety. This is used to break the cycle of a symptom that creates a symptom that is so feared that the anxiety rises, and thus, creates that very symptom one feared. A popular case study is the case of the sweating doctor: â€Å"A young doctor had severe hydrophobia. One day, meeting his chief on the street, as he extended his hand in greeting, he noticed that he was perspiring more than usual. The next time he was in a similar situation he expected to perspire again, and this anticipatory anxiety precipitated excessive sweating. It was a vicious circle †¦ We advised our patient, in the event that his anticipatory anxiety should recur, to resolve deliberately to show the people whom he confronted at the time just how much he could really sweat. A week later he returned to report that whenever he met anyone who triggered his anxiety, he said to himself, I only sweated out a litre before, but now Im going to pour out at least ten litres ! What was the result of this paradoxical resolution ? After suffering from his phobia for four years, he was quickly able, after only one session, to free himself of it for good. (from Pyschotherapy and Existentialism, p 139)† Dereflexion Dereflexion is used for those with Sexual disorders and sleeplessness and also for anxiety disorders. The aim of this technique is to get the client to obtain focus on something different than the problem, presumably, something more positive or meaningful. For example, if the client is not able to sleep and they try too hard to fall asleep that it is keeping them awake, their thoughts must be diverted. Socratic dialogue / modification of attitudes Socratic dialogue is often used by logotherapists, they use this to help the client be aware of, at least, the possibility to fine the freedom to find and/or fulfill the meaning in life. Logotherapy and Other Therapies Psychoanalysis In Psychoanalysis Adler and Freud both focus on the past problems whereas Logotherapy   focuses   rather on the future, that is to say,   on   the   meanings   to   be   fulfilled   in   his future† (Frankl, 1984, p. 120). Psychoanalysis also focuses on the â€Å"Will to Power† and the â€Å"Will to pleasure† whereas Frankl believes that the main striving for mankind is to find a meaning, and pleasure is merely what happens when one finds meaning. Existential Logotherapy is often considered to be part of existential analysis because they both deal with guiding a patient when existential questions are asked. Logotherapy helps the client find the â€Å"hidden logo of his existence. † (Frankl, 1984, p. 125) this is said to be an analytical approach; however, there is a difference. Logotherapy is a spiritual oriented approach whereas existential is an analytical process in which the clients spiritual needs are addressed. Person-Centered Therapy It is claimed by many, that logotherapy is a person-centered therapy that focuses heavily on the future Gestalt Therapy Gestalt is similar in that it is existential therapy, but it also incorporates phenomenological approaches. Gestalt is based on the idea that people must be â€Å"understood in the context of their environment. †(Gerald Corey, 2009, p198) Gestalt focuses on the perceptions of reality, as well as the idea that people are always discovering themselves and life, based on their environment. Logotherapy focuses only on the meaning of life to cure current problems and have a better future. Criticism Logotherapy has been mostly favourable by psychologists. Some strengths of logotherapy include the inspiration of Frankl’s life. If people understood what experiences he had during the holocaust, people would be able to find hope in smaller istuations. Logotherapy is simple to understand, and could really change ones life and enhance it. It speaks mostly of meaning, which is not usually addressed in most other therapies. There have a been very few negative criticisms, including that logotherapy may be too authoritarian, not scientific enough, based on intuition, and not enough things are covered, so some may call it too narrow as well. Some have said that it is only an excuse for Frankl for not being able to deal with people with existential problems

Old Guard vs. Avant-Garde Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Old Guard vs. Avant-Garde - Essay Example Well, until today, there has been an increasing number of different versions of descriptions on what music is and what it is not. However, there has not been a single universally acknowledged definition of music as it is a wide realm of art that is hard to limit within a sentence to encapsulate everything that it is. Well, to be able to understand music in its entirety, it is best to revisit its history. First of all, to give you the most general definition of music, it is an artistic form of auditory communication that incorporates instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner. Another great description of music would be that â€Å"it is any pleasing and harmonious sound created by singers or musical instruments† (Espie, n. d.). These descriptions came about during the Medieval Ages where musical notation, such as monophony and polyphony, were developed. Monophony is characterized by a music that only consists of one melodic line without accompaniment and where the beauty of the chant relied on its melody. On the other hand, polyphony is a type of music created by two or more melodic lines which are heard simultaneously ("History of Music", n. d). Music in the Medieval Ages was considered the â€Å"old-guard† music because at that time people were not open to welcoming other ideas and means of creating music outside of these standard definitions stated above. Avant-garde music on the other hand, is basically the merging of all the elements and genres of music, such as the Medieval, Classical, and Romantic etc. It strongly reflects the modernist style of art music where the irregularity of melody or consistent tune and the rejection of tonality are being embraced. John Cage is an artist and composer being well known for this. He promoted the use of almost anything that could produce sound as one of the instruments to create music and at the same time considered the sound of nature and the most random things as part of his music . Two of his popular works are the â€Å"Dream† and â€Å"Souvenir†. John Cage’s â€Å"Dream† for me is a bright illustration of an â€Å"avant-garde† work. This is because of the fact that there is no consistent melody that reflects monophony and polyphony. Another point worth of noting would be the pauses or silence, which is the element that is imminent in the â€Å"Dream† and would never be considered as music per se within the context of â€Å"Old guard† era. Aside from that, one would be able to notice the altering of tonality from high to low and from long stretches of pitches to a sudden halt. Medieval Age music is totally the opposite to that of modern or avant-garde era being distinct by its repetition of melody and tones, which is something you would not be able to hear in the â€Å"Dream†. Every deployed tone is a new phase of music that reflects randomness and an expression of real life (Eidt, n. d.). A lot of peop le regard John Cage’s â€Å"Dream† as something that is composed of merely an expression of random outcome of events, which is an element that is not recognized within the â€Å"old-guard† technique. Mainly the piano was used to create this music and what makes it special is that the notes being hit are not based on a certain standard of tonality instead they are based on the musician’s score. This allows this work of his to uncover a deeper mystery and beauty as it is not repetitious and predictability of the piece is not there. Thus, its element of silence which is distinct feature of the â€Å"Dream† contributes to something new in the music sphere and causes a lot of aspiring musicians to create the same mystery and at the same time producing a story that would reflect the reality of change in everyday life. Although the

International Commercial Arbitration and Privity of Contract Essay

International Commercial Arbitration and Privity of Contract - Essay Example What is international commercial arbitration? International commercial arbitration is a way in which parties can use an alternative method of dispute resolution on an international level. International law however does not clearly and concisely define what it is in reality. Alternatively, the UNCITRAL contains a Model Law which governs and defines more clearly international commercial arbitration as â€Å"any arbitration whether or not administered by a permanent arbitral institution†.1 David also provides a definition which states that ICA is a tool by which parties can settle a question by decisions of third parties â€Å"who derive their powers from a private agreement, not from the authorities of a State, and who are to decide the case on the basis of such an agreement†.2 Indeed, arbitration clauses are often specifically contained in contracts, which are specified as binding on the parties outside of court: ICA is binding privately according to the agreement of the parties.3 The purpose of the UNCITRAL Model Law is to aid states in reforming and brining up to date their national laws and regulations on the process of arbitration and it was adopted and implemented globally some 26 years ago.4 The Model Law is comprehensive and applies to all signatory states in many areas of ICA, including the recognition and enforcement of orders and awards, though states are not obliged to directly apply the law in their domain. Such countries prefer to use the Model Law as a framework which they adapt to coincide with their own national laws, economic systems, and public policy norms. Privity of Contract in International Commercial Arbitration Privity of contract requires that all parties to an agreement must voluntarily commit to the agreement for it to be enforceable; this is otherwise termed as mutual consent. In an ICA context, it can thus be applied to state that the parties to a contractual arbitration clause must voluntarily agree to the content of t he clause before it can be deemed binding upon the parties. Essentially, it is stated that arbitration without privity is not enforceable; particularly if â€Å"coercion, fraud,...[and]... lack of identity of the parties† is evident.5 Privity of contract thus aims to provide an equal playing field for both parties who come from different counties, as it allows them to rely on arbitration clauses in order â€Å"to be free of national procedural and substantive law†.6 ICA thus allows disputes which may arise between parties to become subject to regulations which are on a different level to the national laws of the parties so that claims concerning international privity of contract may be avoided. By agreeing on an alternative method of arbitration, both parties are able to be defined as autonomously agreeing to settle their disputes in a value-free manner. However, this again is differently viewed in practice, as many express concern in relation to privity of contract be cause parties to a contract may not be said to be parties to the international regulations on ICA. This claim is further aggravated by the fact that the UNCITRAL in particular is often altered or adjusted to fit in with national law, and its content is thus